TY - JOUR
T1 - A reconsideration of the safety of fenoxycarb (IGR) in soil environment
T2 - The toxicity of fenoxycarb to Yuukianura szeptyckii (Collembola): Fenoxycarb toxicity to Yuukianura szeptyckii
AU - Lee, Yun Sik
AU - Son, Jino
AU - Wee, June
AU - Kim, Yongeun
AU - Hong, Jinsol
AU - Cho, Kijong
N1 - Funding Information:
This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT ( NRF-2016R1A2B4015651 ), and by the Ministry of Education ( NRF-2018R1D1A1B07047657 ).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2019 Korean Society of Applied Entomology
PY - 2020/4
Y1 - 2020/4
N2 - Fenoxycarb, a juvenile hormone agonist has been widely used to control various insect pests in agriculture. Fenoxycarb has been considered environmentally safe because it degrades quickly and has lower mammalian toxicity compared with many conventional pesticides. To date, fenoxycarb is reported safe for soil organisms, but this conclusion is based solely on toxicity studies with Folsomia candida (Collembola) and Eisenia fetida (earthworm). The aim of this study was to investigate the toxic effect of fenoxycarb on Yuukianura szeptyckii (Collembola) to assess further whether this chemical is environmentally safe or not. After 28 d of exposure of fenoxycarb in the soil, adult survival and juvenile production were assessed. The median lethal concentration (LC50) value for adult was 955.2 mg/kg and the median effective concentration (EC50) and no observed effect concentration (NOEC) value for juvenile production was 0.2 mg/kg and <0.15 mg/kg, respectively. The effect of fenoxycarb on egg production and hatching rate was evaluated using a compressed soil substrate. A significant reduction in egg production was observed at 300 mg/kg or more, and the hatching rate was significantly reduced at 0.15 mg/kg or more. These results indicated that the adverse effects of fenoxycarb on juvenile production at concentrations of 0.15, 9.4, and 75 mg/kg were mainly due to a reduced hatching rate. The toxicity/exposure ratio (TER) for fenoxycarb in Y. szeptyckii was <5, indicating risk to Y. szeptyckii from fenoxycarb residues in soil. This study suggests that fenoxycarb poses high potential risk to Y. szeptyckii at environmentally relevant concentrations. Thus, further research, such as higher tier study is needed to clarify fenoxycarb risk in soil ecosystems.
AB - Fenoxycarb, a juvenile hormone agonist has been widely used to control various insect pests in agriculture. Fenoxycarb has been considered environmentally safe because it degrades quickly and has lower mammalian toxicity compared with many conventional pesticides. To date, fenoxycarb is reported safe for soil organisms, but this conclusion is based solely on toxicity studies with Folsomia candida (Collembola) and Eisenia fetida (earthworm). The aim of this study was to investigate the toxic effect of fenoxycarb on Yuukianura szeptyckii (Collembola) to assess further whether this chemical is environmentally safe or not. After 28 d of exposure of fenoxycarb in the soil, adult survival and juvenile production were assessed. The median lethal concentration (LC50) value for adult was 955.2 mg/kg and the median effective concentration (EC50) and no observed effect concentration (NOEC) value for juvenile production was 0.2 mg/kg and <0.15 mg/kg, respectively. The effect of fenoxycarb on egg production and hatching rate was evaluated using a compressed soil substrate. A significant reduction in egg production was observed at 300 mg/kg or more, and the hatching rate was significantly reduced at 0.15 mg/kg or more. These results indicated that the adverse effects of fenoxycarb on juvenile production at concentrations of 0.15, 9.4, and 75 mg/kg were mainly due to a reduced hatching rate. The toxicity/exposure ratio (TER) for fenoxycarb in Y. szeptyckii was <5, indicating risk to Y. szeptyckii from fenoxycarb residues in soil. This study suggests that fenoxycarb poses high potential risk to Y. szeptyckii at environmentally relevant concentrations. Thus, further research, such as higher tier study is needed to clarify fenoxycarb risk in soil ecosystems.
KW - Collembolan toxicity test
KW - IGRs
KW - PEC
KW - Risk assessment
KW - TER
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85078165617&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.aspen.2019.12.006
DO - 10.1016/j.aspen.2019.12.006
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85078165617
SN - 1226-8615
VL - 23
SP - 214
EP - 218
JO - Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology
JF - Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology
IS - 1
ER -