Activation of peroxodisulfate and peroxymonosulfate by ultrasound with different frequencies: Impact on ibuprofen removal efficient, cost estimation and energy analysis

The purpose of this study was to investigate the advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) utilizing peroxodisulfate (PDS), peroxymonosulfate (PMS), and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), at different ultrasonic frequencies, by comparing the degradation efficiency for ibuprofen (IBP) on a bench scale. At different ultrasound(US) frequencies under the same calorimetric energies, the activation efficiencies of PDS, PMS, US-PDS, and US-PMS as well as the influence of operating parameters on US-H₂O₂ processing efficiency were also investigated. As a result, the activation efficiency of PDS and PMS as well as the IBP kinetic constant were determined to be the largest at the frequency of 1000 kHz. In addition, the activation effect of PDS was found to be more effective than that of PMS when all ultrasonic frequencies were 1000 kHz. In addition, when the ultrasonic frequency was 1000 kHz, the values of IBP kinetic constants were observed in the following order: US_1000kHz-PDS > US_1000kHz-PMS > US_1000kHz-H2O2 > US_1000kHz systems. In addition, as the pH increased during IBP decomposition, the value of the IBP reaction rate constant decreased, while the activation energies for IBP decomposition were 18.84, 15.40, 16.34 and 18.61 kJ mol⁻¹, respectively. Electrical energy per order(EEO) analysis showed that US_1000kHz-PDS exhibited the smallest EEO (263.5 kWh m⁻³), and the cost was 41.8 $m⁻³. It is believed that the activation of PDS, PMS, and H₂O₂ using ultrasonic waves will contribute to the treatment of organic matter decomposition using HO^[rad] and SO₄^[rad]−-based AOPs.