Advanced nanovaccines based on engineering nanomaterials for accurately enhanced cancer immunotherapy

In recent years, nanovaccine based on nanomaterials emerging as an advanced nanotechnology has drawn more attention for accurately enhancing anti-tumor immunotherapy. Nanovaccine loaded with antigen and immunopotentiator could stimulate antigen presenting cells (APCs) to release signals of co-stimulatory cytokines and reinvigorate the immune-killing T cell to alleviate tumor progression. The amplification of co-stimulatory markers has the potential to enhance the sensitivity of APCs towards tumor neoantigens. Furthermore, positive regulation via nanovaccine of antigen-dependent APCs with a “self-promoting” effect with more recruits of immune-killing T cells could contribute to potentiating the presentation and processing of antigen, finally improving the efficacy of immunotherapy. Of note, if the intracellular and exocellular delivery of antigen could be effectively manipulated, the well-designed nanovaccine will provide a platform for clinical therapeutic practice. In this review, we summarize the development, technical advantages and challenges of nanovaccine in the multi-stage delivery process for immune-guided therapeutic efficacy.