Abstract
In battery swapping environments, electric vehicles (EVs) can play roles as battery providers as well as consumers. In this paper, we propose an optimal battery charging algorithm (OBCA) where a battery swapping station (BSS) charges batteries in its storage with the consideration of the profile of the electricity price and the arrival rates of EVs. To maximize the net profit of BSS while maintaining the battery changing probability above a certain level (i.e., maintaining high quality of service (QoS) of BSS), we formulate a constraint Markov decision process (CMDP) problem and the optimal charging schedule for batteries in BSS is obtained by a linear programming (LP). Evaluation results demonstrate that OBCA with the optimal policy can improve the net profit of BSS up to 418% compared to an electric price-aware scheme while maintaining high QoS of BSS.
Original language | English |
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Pages (from-to) | 3985-3994 |
Number of pages | 10 |
Journal | IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems |
Volume | 23 |
Issue number | 5 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published - 2022 May 1 |
Bibliographical note
Publisher Copyright:© 2000-2011 IEEE.
Keywords
- Battery swapping
- battery charging algorithm
- battery swapping station (BSS)
- constraint Markov decision process (CMDP)
- electric vehicle (EV)
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Mechanical Engineering
- Automotive Engineering
- Computer Science Applications