Arabidopsis annexins AnnAt1 and AnnAt4 interact with each other and regulate drought and salt stress responses

Annexins are Ca²- and phospholipid-binding proteins that form an evolutionarily conserved multigene family throughout the animal and plant kingdoms. Two annexins, AnnAt1 and AnnAt4, have been identified as components in osmotic stress and abscisic acid signaling in Arabidopsis. Here, we report that AnnAt1 and AnnAt4 regulate plant stress responses in a light-dependent manner. The single-mutant annAt1 and annAt4 plants showed tolerance to drought and salt stress, which was greatly enhanced in double-mutant annAt1annAt4 plants, but AnnAt4-overexpressing transgenic plants (35S:AnnAt4) were more sensitive to stress treatments under long day conditions. Furthermore, expression of stress-related genes was altered in these mutant and transgenic plants. Upon dehydration and salt treatment, AtNCED3, encoding 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase, and P5CS1, encoding Δ-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase, which are key enzymes in ABA and proline synthesis, respectively, were highly induced in annAt1annAt4 plants and to a lesser extent in annAt1 and annAt4 plants, but not in 35S:AnnAt4 plants. While annAt1 plants were more drought sensitive, annAt4 plants were more tolerant in short days than in long days. In vitro and in vivo binding assays revealed that AnnAt1 and AnnAt4 bind to each other in a Ca²-dependent manner. Our results suggest that AnnAt1 and AnnAt4 function cooperatively in response to drought and salt stress and their functions are affected by photoperiod.