TY - JOUR
T1 - Association between urinary levels of bisphenol-A and estrogen metabolism in Korean adults
AU - Kim, Eun Jee
AU - Lee, Dongho
AU - Chung, Bong Chul
AU - Pyo, Heesoo
AU - Lee, Jeongae
N1 - Funding Information:
This research was financially supported by Korea Food and Drug Administration ( 09182KFDA608 ), by an intramural grant from the Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) , and by the Converging Research Center Program through the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology ( 2011K000885 ).
PY - 2014/2/1
Y1 - 2014/2/1
N2 - Bisphenol-A (BPA) possesses estrogenic properties both in vitro and in vivo as an endocrine disrupting chemical. Humans experience a long-term and cumulative exposure to BPA. BPA was detectable in 97.3% of 1904 urine specimens from Korean adults. We investigated urinary estrogen concentrations in subjects with low and high BPA concentrations and its possible association with estrogen metabolism. Urine samples were collected from a high BPA concentration group (BPA-H; n = 100, 11.05 ± 20.47. μg/g creatinine) and a low BPA concentration group (BPA-L; n = 100, 0.70 ± 0.22. μg/g creatinine) from Korea Biomonitoring Program of Hazardous Materials Survey 2009-2010. Urinary estrogens were enzymatically hydrolyzed, extracted, and then derivatized for quantitative analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Estrogen levels were higher in the BPA-H group than in the BPA-L group. Concentrations of estrone, 17β-estradiol, and their hydroxylated metabolites in both men and women were significantly higher in the BPA-H group than in the BPA-L group (p. <. 0.04). Furthermore, in the BPA-H group, estrogen metabolism to 4-hydroxy-estrone and 4-hydroxy-17β-estradiol was more active than that to 2-hydroxy-estrone and 2-hydroxy-17β-estradiol. Although single measurement and/or single spot urine samples limit the measurement of long-term exposure to BPA, we found significant differences of estrogen metabolism in the BPA-H and the BPA-L groups. The increase of hydroxyestrogens, especially 4-hydroxyestrogens, can be an important factor resulting negative effects of prolonged exposure to BPA.
AB - Bisphenol-A (BPA) possesses estrogenic properties both in vitro and in vivo as an endocrine disrupting chemical. Humans experience a long-term and cumulative exposure to BPA. BPA was detectable in 97.3% of 1904 urine specimens from Korean adults. We investigated urinary estrogen concentrations in subjects with low and high BPA concentrations and its possible association with estrogen metabolism. Urine samples were collected from a high BPA concentration group (BPA-H; n = 100, 11.05 ± 20.47. μg/g creatinine) and a low BPA concentration group (BPA-L; n = 100, 0.70 ± 0.22. μg/g creatinine) from Korea Biomonitoring Program of Hazardous Materials Survey 2009-2010. Urinary estrogens were enzymatically hydrolyzed, extracted, and then derivatized for quantitative analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Estrogen levels were higher in the BPA-H group than in the BPA-L group. Concentrations of estrone, 17β-estradiol, and their hydroxylated metabolites in both men and women were significantly higher in the BPA-H group than in the BPA-L group (p. <. 0.04). Furthermore, in the BPA-H group, estrogen metabolism to 4-hydroxy-estrone and 4-hydroxy-17β-estradiol was more active than that to 2-hydroxy-estrone and 2-hydroxy-17β-estradiol. Although single measurement and/or single spot urine samples limit the measurement of long-term exposure to BPA, we found significant differences of estrogen metabolism in the BPA-H and the BPA-L groups. The increase of hydroxyestrogens, especially 4-hydroxyestrogens, can be an important factor resulting negative effects of prolonged exposure to BPA.
KW - Bisphenol-A
KW - Estrogen metabolism
KW - Hydroxylase
KW - Steroid hormone
KW - Urine
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84891634937&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.07.040
DO - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.07.040
M3 - Article
C2 - 23954212
AN - SCOPUS:84891634937
SN - 0048-9697
VL - 470-471
SP - 1401
EP - 1407
JO - Science of the Total Environment
JF - Science of the Total Environment
ER -