Atomic-layer-deposited TiO₂-SnZnO/carbon nanofiber composite as a highly stable, flexible and freestanding anode material for lithium-ion batteries

We demonstrate the synthesis of a highly stable, freestanding and flexible anode material for lithium-ion batteries created by depositing a conformal coating of TiO₂ on a SnZnO/carbon nanofiber (CNF) composite using atomic layer deposition. The term SnZnO is used here because metallic Sn is observed in the SnZnO/CNF composites after annealing under argon gas. The elemental composition of the material was confirmed by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, while the oxidation states of the elements were determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy showed that the core regions of the composite nanofibers were almost uniformly covered by a TiO₂ shell. The specific capacities of the TiO₂-coated and uncoated samples at a high current density (5C) were 413 and 159 mAh·g⁻¹, respectively. An analysis of the surface morphology after cycling indicated that the stability of the solid electrolyte interface layer increased after the formation of the protective conformal TiO₂ layer. As a result, no signs of anode degradation were observed even after 700 cycles at a current density of 5C. We attribute this exceptional stability to the buffering of the anode material by the protective coating during volumetric expansion.