Biomimetic magnetoelectric nanocrystals synthesized by polymerization of heme as advanced nanomaterials for biosensing application

Regardless of the malaria disease risk, the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum has an interesting mechanism. During its growth within the red blood cell, toxic free heme is converted into an insoluble crystalline form called the malaria pigment, or hemozoin. In particular, natural hemozoin nanocrystals can provide multiple applications in biosensing fields for health care and diagnosis as similar to artificial metal nanoparticles. In this study, the heme was biologically synthesized and polymerized by Corynebacterium glutamicum and final polymer was applied as a biomimetic conductive biopolymer. The biosynthesized monomer heme by metabolic engineered strain was enzymatically polymerized by an enzyme complex containing two different heme polymerization proteins. Moreover, the electrical conductivities of hemozoin prepared by heme polymerase enzyme complexes were investigated and compared with those of the heme monomer. Because of the synergetic effects of polymerized heme, synthesized artificial nanocrystals exhibited a greater conductive property than a heme monomer. As a result of their surpassing properties, developed novel magnetoelectric nanocrystals could be motivated as smaller scale electronic devices with advanced properties. Thus, these results will open a brand new field in the frontier of the heme detoxification mechanism of the malaria parasite and its biomimetic application as advanced nanomaterials for biological and biomedical sensing.