Characteristic behavior of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) in Seoul megacity, Korea

Gangwoong Lee; Yuwoon Jang; Heayoung Lee; Jin Seok Han; Kyung Ryul Kim; Meehye Lee

doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.05.060

Characteristic behavior of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) in Seoul megacity, Korea

Gangwoong Lee, Yuwoon Jang, Heayoung Lee, Jin Seok Han, Kyung Ryul Kim, Meehye Lee

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

46 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

We measured the concentrations of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) and other photochemically reactive species, including O₃, NO₂, and non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs), in the Seoul Metropolitan area (SMA) during May through June in 2004 and 2005. PAN was determined using a fast chromatograph with luminol-based chemiluminescence detection. Mixing ratios of PAN ranged from below the detection limit (0.1 ppbv) to 10.4 ppbv with an average of 0.8 ppbv. O₃ concentrations ranged from 0 to 141 ppbv. The average PAN/O₃ ratio of 0.07 was higher than that observed in cities of Europe and North America (0.02) where control strategies have been enforced to reduce hydrocarbon emissions through extensively reformulated gasoline programs. Strong positive correlations between daily PAN and O₃ maxima during the day demonstrate that similar photochemical factors controlled the production of these two chemicals. However, relationships between PAN and its precursors, NO₂ and NMHCs, suggest that PAN production was more sensitive to NO₂ than NMHCs levels whereas O₃ production was limited by the overall availability of NMHCs. It is likely that the compositions of NMHCs in SMA were favorable for PAN production because of the low fractions of oxygenated compounds in automobile fuels. PAN maxima were observed around noon, which was 2-3 h earlier than the much broader O₃ maxima that occurred in the midafternoon. After reaching the maximum, PAN concentrations rapidly dropped within a few hours, which could be largely due to thermal destruction and to limited production under the typically low NO₂ levels that occurred in the early afternoon. The heterogeneous destruction of particulate matter could be an additional sink for PAN in SMA.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	619-628
Number of pages	10
Journal	Chemosphere
Volume	73
Issue number	4
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.05.060
Publication status	Published - 2008 Sept

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
This work was sponsored by the National Institute of Environmental Research. The authors gratefully acknowledge the excellent support from the Korea Environmental Management Corporation for NMHC measurements during the field campaign. M. Lee would like to acknowledge an Advanced Basic Research Lab (C00069) by the Korea Research Foundation. G. Lee and K.-R. Kim would also like to thank the Korea Science & Engineering Foundation for support through the Basic Research Program (R01-2004-000-10844-0).

Keywords

Air quality
Non-methane hydrocarbons
Ozone
Peroxyacetyl nitrate
Seoul Metropolitan area

ASJC Scopus subject areas

General Chemistry
Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Pollution
Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis
Environmental Engineering
Environmental Chemistry

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

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10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.05.060

Cite this

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title = "Characteristic behavior of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) in Seoul megacity, Korea",

abstract = "We measured the concentrations of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) and other photochemically reactive species, including O3, NO2, and non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs), in the Seoul Metropolitan area (SMA) during May through June in 2004 and 2005. PAN was determined using a fast chromatograph with luminol-based chemiluminescence detection. Mixing ratios of PAN ranged from below the detection limit (0.1 ppbv) to 10.4 ppbv with an average of 0.8 ppbv. O3 concentrations ranged from 0 to 141 ppbv. The average PAN/O3 ratio of 0.07 was higher than that observed in cities of Europe and North America (0.02) where control strategies have been enforced to reduce hydrocarbon emissions through extensively reformulated gasoline programs. Strong positive correlations between daily PAN and O3 maxima during the day demonstrate that similar photochemical factors controlled the production of these two chemicals. However, relationships between PAN and its precursors, NO2 and NMHCs, suggest that PAN production was more sensitive to NO2 than NMHCs levels whereas O3 production was limited by the overall availability of NMHCs. It is likely that the compositions of NMHCs in SMA were favorable for PAN production because of the low fractions of oxygenated compounds in automobile fuels. PAN maxima were observed around noon, which was 2-3 h earlier than the much broader O3 maxima that occurred in the midafternoon. After reaching the maximum, PAN concentrations rapidly dropped within a few hours, which could be largely due to thermal destruction and to limited production under the typically low NO2 levels that occurred in the early afternoon. The heterogeneous destruction of particulate matter could be an additional sink for PAN in SMA.",

keywords = "Air quality, Non-methane hydrocarbons, Ozone, Peroxyacetyl nitrate, Seoul Metropolitan area",

author = "Gangwoong Lee and Yuwoon Jang and Heayoung Lee and Han, {Jin Seok} and Kim, {Kyung Ryul} and Meehye Lee",

note = "Funding Information: This work was sponsored by the National Institute of Environmental Research. The authors gratefully acknowledge the excellent support from the Korea Environmental Management Corporation for NMHC measurements during the field campaign. M. Lee would like to acknowledge an Advanced Basic Research Lab (C00069) by the Korea Research Foundation. G. Lee and K.-R. Kim would also like to thank the Korea Science & Engineering Foundation for support through the Basic Research Program (R01-2004-000-10844-0). ",

year = "2008",

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doi = "10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.05.060",

language = "English",

volume = "73",

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journal = "Chemosphere",

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T1 - Characteristic behavior of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) in Seoul megacity, Korea

AU - Lee, Gangwoong

AU - Jang, Yuwoon

AU - Lee, Heayoung

AU - Han, Jin Seok

AU - Kim, Kyung Ryul

AU - Lee, Meehye

N1 - Funding Information: This work was sponsored by the National Institute of Environmental Research. The authors gratefully acknowledge the excellent support from the Korea Environmental Management Corporation for NMHC measurements during the field campaign. M. Lee would like to acknowledge an Advanced Basic Research Lab (C00069) by the Korea Research Foundation. G. Lee and K.-R. Kim would also like to thank the Korea Science & Engineering Foundation for support through the Basic Research Program (R01-2004-000-10844-0).

PY - 2008/9

Y1 - 2008/9

N2 - We measured the concentrations of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) and other photochemically reactive species, including O3, NO2, and non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs), in the Seoul Metropolitan area (SMA) during May through June in 2004 and 2005. PAN was determined using a fast chromatograph with luminol-based chemiluminescence detection. Mixing ratios of PAN ranged from below the detection limit (0.1 ppbv) to 10.4 ppbv with an average of 0.8 ppbv. O3 concentrations ranged from 0 to 141 ppbv. The average PAN/O3 ratio of 0.07 was higher than that observed in cities of Europe and North America (0.02) where control strategies have been enforced to reduce hydrocarbon emissions through extensively reformulated gasoline programs. Strong positive correlations between daily PAN and O3 maxima during the day demonstrate that similar photochemical factors controlled the production of these two chemicals. However, relationships between PAN and its precursors, NO2 and NMHCs, suggest that PAN production was more sensitive to NO2 than NMHCs levels whereas O3 production was limited by the overall availability of NMHCs. It is likely that the compositions of NMHCs in SMA were favorable for PAN production because of the low fractions of oxygenated compounds in automobile fuels. PAN maxima were observed around noon, which was 2-3 h earlier than the much broader O3 maxima that occurred in the midafternoon. After reaching the maximum, PAN concentrations rapidly dropped within a few hours, which could be largely due to thermal destruction and to limited production under the typically low NO2 levels that occurred in the early afternoon. The heterogeneous destruction of particulate matter could be an additional sink for PAN in SMA.

AB - We measured the concentrations of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) and other photochemically reactive species, including O3, NO2, and non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs), in the Seoul Metropolitan area (SMA) during May through June in 2004 and 2005. PAN was determined using a fast chromatograph with luminol-based chemiluminescence detection. Mixing ratios of PAN ranged from below the detection limit (0.1 ppbv) to 10.4 ppbv with an average of 0.8 ppbv. O3 concentrations ranged from 0 to 141 ppbv. The average PAN/O3 ratio of 0.07 was higher than that observed in cities of Europe and North America (0.02) where control strategies have been enforced to reduce hydrocarbon emissions through extensively reformulated gasoline programs. Strong positive correlations between daily PAN and O3 maxima during the day demonstrate that similar photochemical factors controlled the production of these two chemicals. However, relationships between PAN and its precursors, NO2 and NMHCs, suggest that PAN production was more sensitive to NO2 than NMHCs levels whereas O3 production was limited by the overall availability of NMHCs. It is likely that the compositions of NMHCs in SMA were favorable for PAN production because of the low fractions of oxygenated compounds in automobile fuels. PAN maxima were observed around noon, which was 2-3 h earlier than the much broader O3 maxima that occurred in the midafternoon. After reaching the maximum, PAN concentrations rapidly dropped within a few hours, which could be largely due to thermal destruction and to limited production under the typically low NO2 levels that occurred in the early afternoon. The heterogeneous destruction of particulate matter could be an additional sink for PAN in SMA.

KW - Air quality

KW - Non-methane hydrocarbons

KW - Ozone

KW - Peroxyacetyl nitrate

KW - Seoul Metropolitan area

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DO - 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.05.060

M3 - Article

C2 - 18632134

AN - SCOPUS:50649105485

SN - 0045-6535

VL - 73

SP - 619

EP - 628

JO - Chemosphere

JF - Chemosphere

IS - 4

ER -

Characteristic behavior of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) in Seoul megacity, Korea

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Keywords

ASJC Scopus subject areas

UN SDGs

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