Abstract
Cigarette smoke exposure has been shown to be associated with chronic rhinosinusitis and tissue remodeling. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) on matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP) production in nasal fibroblasts and to determine the underlying molecular mechanisms. Primary nasal fibroblasts from six patients were isolated and cultured. After the exposure of fibroblasts to CSE, the expression levels of MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2 were measured by real-time PCR, ELISA, and immunofluorescence staining. The enzymatic activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were measured by gelatin zymography. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was analyzed using dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate and Amplex Red assays. PI3K/Akt phosphorylation and NF-κB activation were determined by Western blotting and luciferase assay. CSE significantly increased MMP-2 expression and inhibited TIMP-2 expression but did not affect MMP-9 and TIMP-1 expression. Furthermore, CSE significantly induced ROS production. However, treatment with ROS scavengers, specific PI3K/Akt inhibitors, NF-κB inhibitor, and glucocorticosteroids significantly decreased MMP-2 expression and increased TIMP-2 expression. Our results suggest that steroids inhibit CSE-regulated MMP-2 and TIMP-2 production and activation through the ROS/ PI3K, Akt, and NF-κB signaling pathways in nasal fibroblasts. CSE may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis by regulating MMP-2 and TIMP-2 expression.
Original language | English |
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Article number | 739 |
Pages (from-to) | 1-14 |
Number of pages | 14 |
Journal | Antioxidants |
Volume | 9 |
Issue number | 8 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published - 2020 Aug |
Bibliographical note
Funding Information:Funding: This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea Government (MSIT) (2020R1F1A1071985). This research was supported and by a Korea University grant (K1912871).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
Keywords
- Cigarette smoke extract
- Matrix metalloproteinase
- Nasal fibroblasts
- Steroids
- Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Biochemistry
- Physiology
- Molecular Biology
- Clinical Biochemistry
- Cell Biology