Coenzyme Q10 increases the fatty acid oxidation through AMPK-mediated PPARα induction in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes

Coenzyme Q10(CoQ10) is a known anti-adipogenic factor. However, the mechanism by which CoQ10 acts is unclear. In this study, we found that CoQ10 increased the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in 3T3-L1preadipocytes. CoQ10 induced an increase in cytoplasmic calcium concentrations, which is reflected by increased Fluo-3 intensity under confocal microscopy recording. Either inhibition of Ca²⁺/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase (CaMKK) or knock-down CaMKK blocked CoQ10-induced AMPK phosphorylation, suggesting the involvement of calcium in CoQ10-mediated AMPK signaling. CoQ10 also increased the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) at both the mRNA and protein levels. Knock down of AMPK with siRNA or inhibition of AMPK using an AMPK inhibitor compound C blocked CoQ10-induced expression of PPARα, indicating that AMPK plays a critical role in PPARα induction. In addition, CoQ10 increased fatty acid oxidation in 3T3-L1preadipocytes. The promoter activity of PPARα was increased by CoQ10 in an AMPK-dependent fashion. Moreover, the induction of acyl-CoA oxidase (ACO), a target gene of PPARα, was blocked under the PPARα knock down condition. Furthermore, treatment with CoQ10 blocked differentiation-induced adipogenesis. This blockade was not observed under the PPARα knock-down condition. Collectively, these results demonstrate that CoQ10 induces PPARα expression via the calcium-mediated AMPK signal pathway and suppresses differentiation-induced adipogenesis.