Efficient Production of Adipic Acid by a Two-Step Catalytic Reaction of Biomass-Derived 2,5-Furandicarboxylic Acid

Efficient catalytic ring-opening coupled with hydrogenation is a promising but challenging reaction for producing adipic acid (AA) from 2,5-furan dicarboxylic acid (FDCA). In this study, AA synthesis is carried out in two steps from FDCA via tetrahydrofuran-2,5-dicarboxylic acid (THFDCA) over a recyclable Ru/Al₂O₃ and an ionic liquid, [MIM(CH₂)₄SO₃H]I (MIM=methylimidazolium) to deliver 99 % overall yield of AA. Ru/Al₂O₃ is found to be an efficient catalyst for hydrogenation and hydrogenolysis of FDCA to deliver THFDCA and 2-hydroxyadipic acid (HAA), respectively, where ruthenium is more economically viable than well-known palladium or rhodium hydrogenation catalysts. H₂ chemisorption shows that the alumina phase strongly affects the interaction between Ru nanoparticles (NPs) and supports, resulting in materials with high dispersion and small size of Ru NPs, which in turn are responsible for the high conversion of FDCA. An ionic liquid system, [MIM(CH₂)₄SO₃H]I is applied to the hydrogenolysis of THFDCA for AA production. The [MIM(CH₂)₄SO₃H]I exhibits superior activity, enables simple product isolation with high purity, and reduces the severe corrosion problems caused by the conventional hydroiodic acid catalytic system.