'Electromaglev' ('active-maglev') - Magnetic levitation of a superconducting disk with a DC field generated by electromagnets: Part 3. Theoretical results on levitation height and stability

Makoto Tsuda; Haigun Lee; Yikikazu Iwasa

doi:10.1016/S0011-2275(98)00049-6

'Electromaglev' ('active-maglev') - Magnetic levitation of a superconducting disk with a DC field generated by electromagnets: Part 3. Theoretical results on levitation height and stability

Makoto Tsuda, Haigun Lee, Yikikazu Iwasa

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

24 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

We present Part 3 results of a comprehensive theoretical study of an 'electromaglev' ('active-maglev') system, in which a high-temperature superconducting bulk YBCO sample is levitated stably in a DC magnetic field generated by a magnet system. Field solutions have been obtained numerically to compute levitation height and define stability criteria for the superconducting disk sample. Our analysis assumes that the disk, which otherwise obeys the Bean critical-state model, traps flux when cooled in the presence of a field from the normal state to the superconducting state. Indeed it is shown that the trapped flux makes subtle and crucial changes in field distribution (and thus current density distribution) in the disk, which differ from those in a disk strictly obeying the Bean model used in the zeroth-order theory. The analysis confirms a key experimental finding that the trapped flux is another essential element for determining levitation height and ensuring tilt-free stable levitation. For stability, trapped flux is in addition to at least two degrees of freedom for spatial supercurrent flow and the profile conditions imposed on the field generated by the magnet system. Procedures to produce stable, tilt-free levitation are described. Agreement between experiment and analysis on dependence of levitation height on magnet current is quite good. The analysis also shows that to achieve stable levitation, a YBCO ring sample requires a radial build that is sufficiently thick to permit the supercurrent to flow in the radial direction. The minimum radial build required, ΔR_min, for a YBCO ring of outside radius 12.5 mm operating at 77 K is typically ∼ 50 μm. An analytical expression that gives approximate values of ΔR_min has also been derived; ΔR_min depends inversely on the square of the critical current density of the superconductor.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	743-756
Number of pages	14
Journal	Cryogenics
Volume	38
Issue number	7
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-2275(98)00049-6
Publication status	Published - 1998 Jul
Externally published	Yes

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
The authors would like to express their thanks to Professor Atsushi Ishiyama for the use of Waseda University's computer facilities. Y.I. also thanks the Tokyo Electric Power Company for the opportunity to spend two 6-months periods, in 1996 and 1997, at Keio University; Professor Koichiro Sawa, his graduate students Messrs Hiroshi Horiuchi and Kentaro Nishi, and Dr Masato Murakami and Mr Ken Nagashima of ISTEC for valuable discussion and sharing their preliminary data generated at ISTEC. This work was supported in part by the US Department of Energy, Office of Basic Sciences and in part by Daikin Industries MEC Laboratory, Tsukuba, Japan. Appendix A

Keywords

Active maglev
Bean's critical-state model
F. Magnetic levitation
Magnetic field analysis
Ybco disk

ASJC Scopus subject areas

General Materials Science
General Physics and Astronomy

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10.1016/S0011-2275(98)00049-6

Cite this

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title = "'Electromaglev' ('active-maglev') - Magnetic levitation of a superconducting disk with a DC field generated by electromagnets: Part 3. Theoretical results on levitation height and stability",

abstract = "We present Part 3 results of a comprehensive theoretical study of an 'electromaglev' ('active-maglev') system, in which a high-temperature superconducting bulk YBCO sample is levitated stably in a DC magnetic field generated by a magnet system. Field solutions have been obtained numerically to compute levitation height and define stability criteria for the superconducting disk sample. Our analysis assumes that the disk, which otherwise obeys the Bean critical-state model, traps flux when cooled in the presence of a field from the normal state to the superconducting state. Indeed it is shown that the trapped flux makes subtle and crucial changes in field distribution (and thus current density distribution) in the disk, which differ from those in a disk strictly obeying the Bean model used in the zeroth-order theory. The analysis confirms a key experimental finding that the trapped flux is another essential element for determining levitation height and ensuring tilt-free stable levitation. For stability, trapped flux is in addition to at least two degrees of freedom for spatial supercurrent flow and the profile conditions imposed on the field generated by the magnet system. Procedures to produce stable, tilt-free levitation are described. Agreement between experiment and analysis on dependence of levitation height on magnet current is quite good. The analysis also shows that to achieve stable levitation, a YBCO ring sample requires a radial build that is sufficiently thick to permit the supercurrent to flow in the radial direction. The minimum radial build required, ΔRmin, for a YBCO ring of outside radius 12.5 mm operating at 77 K is typically ∼ 50 μm. An analytical expression that gives approximate values of ΔRmin has also been derived; ΔRmin depends inversely on the square of the critical current density of the superconductor.",

keywords = "Active maglev, Bean's critical-state model, F. Magnetic levitation, Magnetic field analysis, Ybco disk",

author = "Makoto Tsuda and Haigun Lee and Yikikazu Iwasa",

note = "Funding Information: The authors would like to express their thanks to Professor Atsushi Ishiyama for the use of Waseda University's computer facilities. Y.I. also thanks the Tokyo Electric Power Company for the opportunity to spend two 6-months periods, in 1996 and 1997, at Keio University; Professor Koichiro Sawa, his graduate students Messrs Hiroshi Horiuchi and Kentaro Nishi, and Dr Masato Murakami and Mr Ken Nagashima of ISTEC for valuable discussion and sharing their preliminary data generated at ISTEC. This work was supported in part by the US Department of Energy, Office of Basic Sciences and in part by Daikin Industries MEC Laboratory, Tsukuba, Japan. Appendix A ",

year = "1998",

month = jul,

doi = "10.1016/S0011-2275(98)00049-6",

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AU - Tsuda, Makoto

AU - Lee, Haigun

AU - Iwasa, Yikikazu

N1 - Funding Information: The authors would like to express their thanks to Professor Atsushi Ishiyama for the use of Waseda University's computer facilities. Y.I. also thanks the Tokyo Electric Power Company for the opportunity to spend two 6-months periods, in 1996 and 1997, at Keio University; Professor Koichiro Sawa, his graduate students Messrs Hiroshi Horiuchi and Kentaro Nishi, and Dr Masato Murakami and Mr Ken Nagashima of ISTEC for valuable discussion and sharing their preliminary data generated at ISTEC. This work was supported in part by the US Department of Energy, Office of Basic Sciences and in part by Daikin Industries MEC Laboratory, Tsukuba, Japan. Appendix A

PY - 1998/7

Y1 - 1998/7

N2 - We present Part 3 results of a comprehensive theoretical study of an 'electromaglev' ('active-maglev') system, in which a high-temperature superconducting bulk YBCO sample is levitated stably in a DC magnetic field generated by a magnet system. Field solutions have been obtained numerically to compute levitation height and define stability criteria for the superconducting disk sample. Our analysis assumes that the disk, which otherwise obeys the Bean critical-state model, traps flux when cooled in the presence of a field from the normal state to the superconducting state. Indeed it is shown that the trapped flux makes subtle and crucial changes in field distribution (and thus current density distribution) in the disk, which differ from those in a disk strictly obeying the Bean model used in the zeroth-order theory. The analysis confirms a key experimental finding that the trapped flux is another essential element for determining levitation height and ensuring tilt-free stable levitation. For stability, trapped flux is in addition to at least two degrees of freedom for spatial supercurrent flow and the profile conditions imposed on the field generated by the magnet system. Procedures to produce stable, tilt-free levitation are described. Agreement between experiment and analysis on dependence of levitation height on magnet current is quite good. The analysis also shows that to achieve stable levitation, a YBCO ring sample requires a radial build that is sufficiently thick to permit the supercurrent to flow in the radial direction. The minimum radial build required, ΔRmin, for a YBCO ring of outside radius 12.5 mm operating at 77 K is typically ∼ 50 μm. An analytical expression that gives approximate values of ΔRmin has also been derived; ΔRmin depends inversely on the square of the critical current density of the superconductor.

AB - We present Part 3 results of a comprehensive theoretical study of an 'electromaglev' ('active-maglev') system, in which a high-temperature superconducting bulk YBCO sample is levitated stably in a DC magnetic field generated by a magnet system. Field solutions have been obtained numerically to compute levitation height and define stability criteria for the superconducting disk sample. Our analysis assumes that the disk, which otherwise obeys the Bean critical-state model, traps flux when cooled in the presence of a field from the normal state to the superconducting state. Indeed it is shown that the trapped flux makes subtle and crucial changes in field distribution (and thus current density distribution) in the disk, which differ from those in a disk strictly obeying the Bean model used in the zeroth-order theory. The analysis confirms a key experimental finding that the trapped flux is another essential element for determining levitation height and ensuring tilt-free stable levitation. For stability, trapped flux is in addition to at least two degrees of freedom for spatial supercurrent flow and the profile conditions imposed on the field generated by the magnet system. Procedures to produce stable, tilt-free levitation are described. Agreement between experiment and analysis on dependence of levitation height on magnet current is quite good. The analysis also shows that to achieve stable levitation, a YBCO ring sample requires a radial build that is sufficiently thick to permit the supercurrent to flow in the radial direction. The minimum radial build required, ΔRmin, for a YBCO ring of outside radius 12.5 mm operating at 77 K is typically ∼ 50 μm. An analytical expression that gives approximate values of ΔRmin has also been derived; ΔRmin depends inversely on the square of the critical current density of the superconductor.

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KW - Bean's critical-state model

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KW - Magnetic field analysis

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'Electromaglev' ('active-maglev') - Magnetic levitation of a superconducting disk with a DC field generated by electromagnets: Part 3. Theoretical results on levitation height and stability

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Keywords

ASJC Scopus subject areas

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