TY - JOUR
T1 - Evaluation of regulated, particulate, and BTEX emissions inventories from a gasoline direct injection passenger car with various ethanol blended fuels under urban and rural driving cycles in Korea
AU - Myung, Cha Lee
AU - Choi, Kwanhee
AU - Cho, Jaeho
AU - Kim, Kangjin
AU - Baek, Sungha
AU - Lim, Yunsung
AU - Park, Simsoo
N1 - Funding Information:
This study was supported by the CEFV (Center for Environmentally Friendly Vehicle) as the Global-Top Project of the KMOE (Ministry of Environment, Korea), the Korea University Grant, and the BK21 plus program (21A20131712520) through the National Research Foundation (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education of Korea. The authors gratefully acknowledge the Transportation Pollution Research Center of the National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER), Korea for the vehicle tests and emissions analyses. We also thank Hyundai Motor Company for technical assistance with the EMS calibration.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2019 Elsevier Ltd
PY - 2020/2/15
Y1 - 2020/2/15
N2 - In this study, the regulated, particulate, and unregulated emissions, and the fuel economy (FE) from a direct injection spark ignition (DISI) vehicle were investigated on a chassis dynamometer. Two vehicle test cycles, the congested urban (NIER03) and rural modes (NIER09), which reflect vehicle driving patterns in Korea, were tested with varying ethanol contents of gasoline (E0), and low- (E10), medium- (E30 and E50), and high-ethanol blended fuels (E85). The particle number (PN) concentration from E0 was substantially reduced by one or two orders of magnitude with medium- or high-ethanol blended fuels, respectively. The E10 fuel showed the highest PN concentration because of the physicochemical mixture properties of the azeotropic characteristics. As the ethanol fraction increased, the particle sizes shifted to smaller sizes that were dependent on the vehicle test modes and oxygen proportions in the fuels. The regulated and unregulated emissions showed close relationships with the vehicle test modes and ethanol blends. Vehicle running with frequent idle-stops at an extremely low speed and dynamic transient driving under NIER03 showed higher BTEX emissions than the NIER09 mode, and produced lower emission levels due to the higher oxygen and lower aromatic proportions of the ethanol blends. Compared to the NIER03 mode, the CO2 emissions and FEs under the NIER09 mode were substantially improved, with a higher vehicle speed and more energy efficient engine operation points. The low energy contents of the E85 fuel resulted in slight increases in the CO2 emissions and reductions in the FEs of the NIER modes.
AB - In this study, the regulated, particulate, and unregulated emissions, and the fuel economy (FE) from a direct injection spark ignition (DISI) vehicle were investigated on a chassis dynamometer. Two vehicle test cycles, the congested urban (NIER03) and rural modes (NIER09), which reflect vehicle driving patterns in Korea, were tested with varying ethanol contents of gasoline (E0), and low- (E10), medium- (E30 and E50), and high-ethanol blended fuels (E85). The particle number (PN) concentration from E0 was substantially reduced by one or two orders of magnitude with medium- or high-ethanol blended fuels, respectively. The E10 fuel showed the highest PN concentration because of the physicochemical mixture properties of the azeotropic characteristics. As the ethanol fraction increased, the particle sizes shifted to smaller sizes that were dependent on the vehicle test modes and oxygen proportions in the fuels. The regulated and unregulated emissions showed close relationships with the vehicle test modes and ethanol blends. Vehicle running with frequent idle-stops at an extremely low speed and dynamic transient driving under NIER03 showed higher BTEX emissions than the NIER09 mode, and produced lower emission levels due to the higher oxygen and lower aromatic proportions of the ethanol blends. Compared to the NIER03 mode, the CO2 emissions and FEs under the NIER09 mode were substantially improved, with a higher vehicle speed and more energy efficient engine operation points. The low energy contents of the E85 fuel resulted in slight increases in the CO2 emissions and reductions in the FEs of the NIER modes.
KW - BTEX compounds
KW - Ethanol-gasoline blends
KW - Gasoline direct injection
KW - In-use vehicle test modes
KW - Particle number
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85074500843&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116406
DO - 10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116406
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85074500843
SN - 0016-2361
VL - 262
JO - Fuel
JF - Fuel
M1 - 116406
ER -