TY - JOUR
T1 - Evaluation of the bioaccumulation potential of selected alternative brominated flame retardants in marine fish using in vitro metabolic transformation rates
AU - Lee, Hyun Jeoung
AU - Jung, Jee Hyun
AU - Kwon, Jung Hwan
N1 - Funding Information:
We appreciate anonymous reviewers for constructive comments and suggestions. This research was partly supported by the Korea Ministry of Environment (MOE) as “Technology Program for establishing biocide safety management” ( 2018002490001 ) and by a Korea University grant.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2018 Elsevier B.V.
PY - 2019/2/25
Y1 - 2019/2/25
N2 - The global consumption of alternative brominated flame retardants (BFRs) has increased with the restriction of the first generation BFRs such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs). However, many alternative BFRs are suspected to be persistent in the environment and possibly bioaccumulative after their release into the environment because of their chemical properties, which are similar to those of the already banned BFRs. In this study, the bioaccumulation potential of selected alternative BFRs (1,2-bis(2,4,6‑tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), 1,2,3,4,5,6‑hexabromobenzene (HBB), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), 2,3,4,5,6‑pentabromotoluene (PBT), 2‑ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB), and 2,3,4,5‑tetrabromo-6-chlorotoluene (TBCT)) was evaluated. The in vitro depletion rate constants (k depl ) were measured for the alternative BFRs using liver S9 fractions isolated from five marine fish species (Epinephelus septemfasciatus, Konosirus punctatus, Lateolabrax japonicus, Mugil cephalus, and Sebastes schlegelii) that inhabit the oceans off the Korean coast. The measured k depl values were converted to in vitro intrinsic clearance rate constants (CL in vitro ) to estimate whole-body metabolic rate constants (k MET ) using an in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) model. Finally, the bioconcentration factors (BCF) were determined using a one-compartment model. The transformation kinetics for obtaining k depl agreed well with first-order chemical kinetics, regardless of initial BFR concentrations. The values of CL in vitro were lower in the selected marine fish species than those in freshwater fish species, implying slower metabolic transformation. The derived BCF values based on the total concentration in water (BCF TOT ) ranged from 16 (TBB in M. cephalus) to 27,000 (HBB in K. punctatus). The BCF values for HBB and PBT were >2000 except for those in M. cephalus suggesting further investigation of BCF values of BFRs whose log K OW is between 6 and 7.
AB - The global consumption of alternative brominated flame retardants (BFRs) has increased with the restriction of the first generation BFRs such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs). However, many alternative BFRs are suspected to be persistent in the environment and possibly bioaccumulative after their release into the environment because of their chemical properties, which are similar to those of the already banned BFRs. In this study, the bioaccumulation potential of selected alternative BFRs (1,2-bis(2,4,6‑tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), 1,2,3,4,5,6‑hexabromobenzene (HBB), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), 2,3,4,5,6‑pentabromotoluene (PBT), 2‑ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB), and 2,3,4,5‑tetrabromo-6-chlorotoluene (TBCT)) was evaluated. The in vitro depletion rate constants (k depl ) were measured for the alternative BFRs using liver S9 fractions isolated from five marine fish species (Epinephelus septemfasciatus, Konosirus punctatus, Lateolabrax japonicus, Mugil cephalus, and Sebastes schlegelii) that inhabit the oceans off the Korean coast. The measured k depl values were converted to in vitro intrinsic clearance rate constants (CL in vitro ) to estimate whole-body metabolic rate constants (k MET ) using an in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) model. Finally, the bioconcentration factors (BCF) were determined using a one-compartment model. The transformation kinetics for obtaining k depl agreed well with first-order chemical kinetics, regardless of initial BFR concentrations. The values of CL in vitro were lower in the selected marine fish species than those in freshwater fish species, implying slower metabolic transformation. The derived BCF values based on the total concentration in water (BCF TOT ) ranged from 16 (TBB in M. cephalus) to 27,000 (HBB in K. punctatus). The BCF values for HBB and PBT were >2000 except for those in M. cephalus suggesting further investigation of BCF values of BFRs whose log K OW is between 6 and 7.
KW - Alternatives
KW - Bioconcentration
KW - Biotransformation
KW - Marine fish
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85056244254&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.432
DO - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.432
M3 - Article
C2 - 30759573
AN - SCOPUS:85056244254
SN - 0048-9697
VL - 653
SP - 1333
EP - 1342
JO - Science of the Total Environment
JF - Science of the Total Environment
ER -
