Feasibility and challenges of high-pressure pressure retarded osmosis applications utilizing seawater and hypersaline water sources

Pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) harnesses salinity gradient energy through the mixing of freshwater and saltwater, addressing the demand for sustainable energy sources. PRO typically utilizes river water or secondary wastewater as the feed solution, paired with seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) brine as the draw solution. However, the limited availability of low-saline water presents a significant obstacle to energy generation. Therefore, the feasibility of a high-pressure PRO process utilizing seawater as the feed solution and hypersaline water as the draw solution was assessed to generate sustainable blue energy. Seawater has the potential to achieve the maximum extractable Gibbs-free energy through high-pressure PRO by maximizing the feed/draw ratio. The performance of the high-pressure PRO was theoretically evaluated, resulting in a tenfold increase in specific energy production compared to conventional SWRO-PRO due to the higher feed/draw ratio. However, high hydraulic pressure increased the membrane structural parameter and further reduced water flux and power density due to significant internal concentration polarization. Nevertheless, the high-pressure PRO process can achieve a power density exceeding 84 W/m² when the structural parameter remains below 100 μm. The implications of the high-pressure PRO were further discussed to advance the concept of a blue circular economy, enhance environmental resilience, and promote sustainability.