Forensic analysis of excessive leakage from lagoons lined with a composite GCL

Earth & Environmental Sciences

• clay liner 100%
• geosynthetics 91%
• leakage 69%
• lagoon 68%
• bentonite 61%
• geomembrane 29%
• analysis 20%
• ionic composition 19%
• transducer 15%
• rate 14%
• ion exchange 13%
• infiltrometer 10%
• permeameter 9%
• subgrade 9%
• geotextile 8%
• wave action 8%
• laboratory 7%
• swelling 7%
• inspection 6%
• laboratory test 6%
• gravel 6%
• water level 6%
• test 5%
• recommendation 5%
• measuring 5%
• carbonate 5%
• hydraulics 4%
• damage 4%
• ion 4%
• in situ 4%
• sand 4%
• water 4%
• monitoring 3%
• soil 3%
• comparison 3%

Engineering & Materials Science

• Bentonite 86%
• Clay 73%
• Composite materials 43%
• Geomembranes 37%
• Ion exchange 23%
• Pressure transducers 20%
• Geotextiles 11%
• Chemical analysis 10%
• Positive ions 10%
• Gravel 10%
• Water levels 9%
• Carbonates 9%
• Swelling 9%
• Water 9%
• Ions 7%
• Sand 7%
• Soils 6%
• Hydraulics 6%
• Inspection 6%
• Acoustic impedance 6%
• Monitoring 4%