TY - JOUR
T1 - Gossypol Induces Disruption of Spermatogenesis and Steroidogenesis in Male Mice
AU - Lim, Whasun
AU - Ham, Jiyeon
AU - Park, Sunwoo
AU - Bae, Hyocheol
AU - You, Seungkwon
AU - Song, Gwonhwa
N1 - Funding Information:
*Phone: +82-2-3290-3057. E-mail: bioseung@korea.ac.kr. *Phone: +82-2-3290-3012. Fax: +82-2-3290-4994. E-mail: ghsong@korea.ac.kr. ORCID Gwonhwa Song: 0000-0003-2817-5323 Author Contributions §W.L. and J.H. contributed equally to this work. Funding This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT (Grant No. 2018R1C1B6009048). Notes The authors declare no competing financial interest.
Funding Information:
This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT (Grant No. 2018R1C1B6009048).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2019 American Chemical Society.
PY - 2019/2/20
Y1 - 2019/2/20
N2 - Gossypol, commonly found in cotton seeds, is hazardous to male reproductive physiology. Although several studies have indicated the toxicity of gossypol in human and animal reproduction, the mechanism of gossypol action in testes has not yet been elucidated. In the present study, we investigated the effects of gossypol in normal mouse testis cells, TM3 and TM4 cells, and in gossypol-treated C57BL/6 mice. We confirmed the antiproliferative effects of gossypol using cell viability assays, with PCNA as a proliferation marker, and cell cycle analysis. We also verified mitochondrial dysfunction and Ca 2+ dysregulation in the cytosol of TM3 and TM4 cells, using JC-1 and Fluo-4 dyes. To confirm the cellular signaling mechanisms in testis cell lines, we performed Western blot analysis to assess the changes in MAPK and PI3K/Akt signal transduction, using their pharmacological inhibitors. Moreover, we screened the mRNA expression of genes involved in spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis in TM3 and TM4 cells. We also confirmed the mRNA expression and localization of genes regulating testis function in gossypol-treated and untreated mice testes. Collectively, we suggest that gossypol induces negative effects on testis function by reducing cell viability, mitochondrial membrane potential, and testis development-related genes in vitro and in vivo as well as by modulating the MAPK and PI3K signaling pathways.
AB - Gossypol, commonly found in cotton seeds, is hazardous to male reproductive physiology. Although several studies have indicated the toxicity of gossypol in human and animal reproduction, the mechanism of gossypol action in testes has not yet been elucidated. In the present study, we investigated the effects of gossypol in normal mouse testis cells, TM3 and TM4 cells, and in gossypol-treated C57BL/6 mice. We confirmed the antiproliferative effects of gossypol using cell viability assays, with PCNA as a proliferation marker, and cell cycle analysis. We also verified mitochondrial dysfunction and Ca 2+ dysregulation in the cytosol of TM3 and TM4 cells, using JC-1 and Fluo-4 dyes. To confirm the cellular signaling mechanisms in testis cell lines, we performed Western blot analysis to assess the changes in MAPK and PI3K/Akt signal transduction, using their pharmacological inhibitors. Moreover, we screened the mRNA expression of genes involved in spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis in TM3 and TM4 cells. We also confirmed the mRNA expression and localization of genes regulating testis function in gossypol-treated and untreated mice testes. Collectively, we suggest that gossypol induces negative effects on testis function by reducing cell viability, mitochondrial membrane potential, and testis development-related genes in vitro and in vivo as well as by modulating the MAPK and PI3K signaling pathways.
KW - gossypol
KW - mitochondrial dysfunction
KW - spermatogenesis
KW - steroidogenesis
KW - testis
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85061846302&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b06946
DO - 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b06946
M3 - Article
C2 - 30678458
AN - SCOPUS:85061846302
SN - 0021-8561
VL - 67
SP - 2075
EP - 2085
JO - Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
JF - Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
IS - 7
ER -