Graphene oxide-engineered chitosan nanoparticles: Synthesis, properties, and antibacterial activity for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine

Graphene oxide (GO)-engineered chitosan (CS) nanoparticles represent the potential tissue regeneration and engineering scaffold. High surface area of GO increase cell proliferation and adhesion, which can provide effective loading and controlled release of therapeutic agents to enhance tissue regeneration. At the same time, the polymer component provides structural support. GO-engineered CS nanoparticles can be used to create artificial tissues and organs. GO's mechanical strength allows for the fabrication of robust and flexible scaffolds. The polymers provide a biocompatible environment for cell growth and differentiation and suitable biodegradability to degrade and replace new tissue gradually. GO-engineered CS nanoparticles can also provide electrical signals to cells, mechanical stimulation, and tissue support. This comprehensive review presents essential synthesis strategies for GO-engineered CS nanoparticles, including in situ polymerization, freeze-drying, and electrospinning. Moreover, physicochemical properties, mechanical properties, toxicity, biocompatibility, and biodegradability are described in detail. On the other hand, anti-pathogenic activity, regeneration, and tissue engineering, including neural, cardiac, bone, skin, and cartilage tissue engineering, skeletal muscle regeneration, tendon, and wound healing, have been thoroughly and comprehensively discussed.