Heavy metal-induced oxidative stress on seed germination and seedling development: a critical review

Engineering & Materials Science

• Oxidative stress 100%
• Heavy metals 74%
• Seed 59%
• Enzymes 29%
• Photosynthesis 29%
• Proteins 23%
• Peptide Hydrolases 19%
• Metabolism 16%
• Nutrients 16%
• Amino acids 15%
• Phosphatases 10%
• Amylases 10%
• Enzyme activity 10%
• Electron Transport 10%
• Antioxidants 8%
• Starch 7%
• Toxicity 7%
• Crops 7%
• Minerals 6%
• Contamination 6%
• Animals 6%
• Hot Temperature 6%
• Acids 5%
• Repair 5%
• Soils 5%
• Metals 4%

Earth & Environmental Sciences

• oxidative stress 67%
• germination 65%
• seedling 58%
• seed 49%
• heavy metal 41%
• enzyme 20%
• heat shock 18%
• photosynthesis 18%
• protein 18%
• amino acid 11%
• metabolism 10%
• nutrient 8%
• damage 8%
• biochemical process 8%
• chloroplast 8%
• phosphatase 7%
• antioxidant 6%
• starch 6%
• enzyme activity 6%
• mobilization 6%
• repair 6%
• rice 5%
• toxicity 4%
• crop 4%
• electron 4%
• animal 4%
• contamination 4%
• acid 4%
• metal 3%
• mineral 3%
• effect 2%
• soil 2%

Chemical Compounds

• Oxidative Stress 57%
• Heavy Metal 48%
• Photosynthesis 24%
• Nutrient 15%
• Proline 14%
• Protein 11%
• Pharmacological Metabolism 11%
• Heat 10%
• Acid 7%
• Electron Transport 6%
• Starch 6%
• Soil 6%
• Enzyme Activity 5%
• Mineral 5%
• Antioxidant Agent 5%
• Reduction 3%
• Metal 3%