Impact and mechanisms of microplastics and nanoplastics on the reproductive system

Background: This review explores the increasing impact of microplastics and nanoplastics on the reproductive system of various organisms. As the use of plastics continues to increase, research has progressively focused on how these particles disrupt both male and female reproductive systems, leading to impaired reproductive cell function, reduced fertility, and increased offspring abnormalities. Objective: This review emphasizes the importance of understanding the underlying mechanisms of reproductive toxicity from microplastic and nanoplastic exposure, while addressing the current lack of effective treatments and the need for further investigation, particularly in humans. Result: This review highlights the significant progress in our understanding of the reproductive toxicity caused by microplastics and nanoplastics. Previous studies have demonstrated that exposure to these particles can lead to oxidative stress, inflammation, and endocrine disruption, affecting both male and female reproductive systems. Research on animal models has shown that microplastics and nanoplastics impair reproductive cell function, decrease sperm quality, disrupt ovarian function, and reduce fertility. Additionally, there is growing evidence of transgenerational effects, whereby the reproductive damage caused by plastic exposure can be passed down to subsequent generations. Conclusion: Collectively, these findings underscore the urgent need for continued investigation into the mechanisms underlying reproductive toxicity and potential therapeutic interventions to mitigate these harmful effects.