Improved modification direction methods

H. J. Kim; C. Kim; Y. Choi; S. Wang; X. Zhang

doi:10.1016/j.camwa.2010.01.006

Improved modification direction methods

H. J. Kim, C. Kim, Y. Choi, S. Wang, X. Zhang

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

84 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

The original exploiting modification direction (EMD) method proposed by Zhang and Wang is a novel data hiding technique which can achieve large embedding capacity with less distortion. The original EMD method can hide (2n+1)-ary numbers by modifying at most one least-significant bit (LSB) of n pixel values. The proposed methods in this paper, 2-EMD and EMD-2, modify at most two pixels of the LSB values. Efficiency of the proposed methods is shown theoretically and through experiments. The 2-EMD and EMD-2 can hide even larger numbers than the EMD with similar distortion under the same conditions. This paper shows that the EMD-2 is much better than the EMD, and slightly better than 2-EMD when n is 3, 4 and 5. The way to generate basis vector can be used for the generalization of the n-EMD and EMD-n where n > 1.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	319-325
Number of pages	7
Journal	Computers and Mathematics with Applications
Volume	60
Issue number	2
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.camwa.2010.01.006
Publication status	Published - 2010 Jul

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
This work was in part supported by the CT R&D program of MCST/KOCCA [2-09-1205-001-10987-11-001, Development of Broadcasting Content Distribution Service Framework Technology using National Standard Content Identification], the IT R&D program of MKE/KEIT [2008-F-036-02, Development of Anonymity-based u-knowledge Security Technology], and the CT R&D program of MCST/KOCCA [2-09-1205-001-10987-11-001, Development of Broadcasting Content Distribution Service Framework Technology Using National Standard Content Identification], and the CTRC program.

Keywords

Data hiding
Number theory
Steganography

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Modelling and Simulation
Computational Theory and Mathematics
Computational Mathematics

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10.1016/j.camwa.2010.01.006

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title = "Improved modification direction methods",

abstract = "The original exploiting modification direction (EMD) method proposed by Zhang and Wang is a novel data hiding technique which can achieve large embedding capacity with less distortion. The original EMD method can hide (2n+1)-ary numbers by modifying at most one least-significant bit (LSB) of n pixel values. The proposed methods in this paper, 2-EMD and EMD-2, modify at most two pixels of the LSB values. Efficiency of the proposed methods is shown theoretically and through experiments. The 2-EMD and EMD-2 can hide even larger numbers than the EMD with similar distortion under the same conditions. This paper shows that the EMD-2 is much better than the EMD, and slightly better than 2-EMD when n is 3, 4 and 5. The way to generate basis vector can be used for the generalization of the n-EMD and EMD-n where n > 1.",

keywords = "Data hiding, Number theory, Steganography",

author = "Kim, {H. J.} and C. Kim and Y. Choi and S. Wang and X. Zhang",

note = "Funding Information: This work was in part supported by the CT R&D program of MCST/KOCCA [2-09-1205-001-10987-11-001, Development of Broadcasting Content Distribution Service Framework Technology using National Standard Content Identification], the IT R&D program of MKE/KEIT [2008-F-036-02, Development of Anonymity-based u-knowledge Security Technology], and the CT R&D program of MCST/KOCCA [2-09-1205-001-10987-11-001, Development of Broadcasting Content Distribution Service Framework Technology Using National Standard Content Identification], and the CTRC program.",

year = "2010",

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doi = "10.1016/j.camwa.2010.01.006",

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AU - Kim, C.

AU - Choi, Y.

AU - Wang, S.

AU - Zhang, X.

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PY - 2010/7

Y1 - 2010/7

N2 - The original exploiting modification direction (EMD) method proposed by Zhang and Wang is a novel data hiding technique which can achieve large embedding capacity with less distortion. The original EMD method can hide (2n+1)-ary numbers by modifying at most one least-significant bit (LSB) of n pixel values. The proposed methods in this paper, 2-EMD and EMD-2, modify at most two pixels of the LSB values. Efficiency of the proposed methods is shown theoretically and through experiments. The 2-EMD and EMD-2 can hide even larger numbers than the EMD with similar distortion under the same conditions. This paper shows that the EMD-2 is much better than the EMD, and slightly better than 2-EMD when n is 3, 4 and 5. The way to generate basis vector can be used for the generalization of the n-EMD and EMD-n where n > 1.

AB - The original exploiting modification direction (EMD) method proposed by Zhang and Wang is a novel data hiding technique which can achieve large embedding capacity with less distortion. The original EMD method can hide (2n+1)-ary numbers by modifying at most one least-significant bit (LSB) of n pixel values. The proposed methods in this paper, 2-EMD and EMD-2, modify at most two pixels of the LSB values. Efficiency of the proposed methods is shown theoretically and through experiments. The 2-EMD and EMD-2 can hide even larger numbers than the EMD with similar distortion under the same conditions. This paper shows that the EMD-2 is much better than the EMD, and slightly better than 2-EMD when n is 3, 4 and 5. The way to generate basis vector can be used for the generalization of the n-EMD and EMD-n where n > 1.

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KW - Steganography

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Improved modification direction methods

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Keywords

ASJC Scopus subject areas

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