Abstract
Motor imagery (MI) brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) have been used for a wide variety of applications due to their intuitive matching between the user’s intentions and the performance of tasks. Applying dry electroencephalography (EEG) electrodes to MI BCI applications can resolve many con-straints and achieve practicality. In this study, we propose a multi-domain convolutional neural networks (MD-CNN) model that learns subject-specific and electrode-dependent EEG features using a multi-do-main structure to improve the classification accuracy of dry electrode MI BCIs. The proposed MD-CNN model is composed of learning layers for three domain representations (time, spatial, and phase). We first evaluated the proposed MD-CNN model using a public dataset to confirm 78.96% classification accuracy for multi-class classification (chance level accuracy: 30%). After that, 10 healthy subjects participated and performed three classes of MI tasks related to lower-limb movement (gait, sitting down, and resting) over two sessions (dry and wet electrodes). Consequently, the proposed MD-CNN model achieved the high-est classification accuracy (dry: 58.44%; wet: 58.66%; chance level accuracy: 43.33%) with a three-class classifier and the lowest difference in accuracy between the two electrode types (0.22%, d = 0.0292) com-pared with the conventional classifiers (FBCSP, EEGNet, ShallowConvNet, and DeepConvNet) that used only a single domain. We expect that the proposed MD-CNN model could be applied for developing robust MI BCI systems with dry electrodes.
Original language | English |
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Article number | 6672 |
Journal | Sensors |
Volume | 21 |
Issue number | 19 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published - 2021 Oct 1 |
Bibliographical note
Funding Information:Funding: This work was supported in part by the Institute of Information and Communications Technology Planning and Evaluation (IITP) grant funded by the Korean Government (Development of Non-Invasive Integrated BCI SW Platform to Control Home Appliances and External Devices by User’s Thought via AR/VR Interface) under Grant 2017-0-00432)and in part by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean Government (Ministry of Science and ICT, MSIT, No. 2019R1A2C1003399.) Institutional Review Board Statement: The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by Institutional Review Board at the Korea Institute of Science and Technology (protocol code: 2020-025; date of approval: October 29, 2020).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
Keywords
- Brain–computer interfaces
- Electrodes
- Electroencephalography
- Lower limb
- Motor imagery
- Multilayer neural network
- Neural networks
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Analytical Chemistry
- Information Systems
- Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
- Biochemistry
- Instrumentation
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering