TY - JOUR
T1 - Normalized hand grip and back muscle strength as risk factors for incident type 2 diabetes mellitus
T2 - 16 years of follow-up in a population-based cohort study
AU - Jeon, Yoo Jeong
AU - Lee, Seung Ku
AU - Shin, Chol
N1 - Funding Information:
This research was supported by the Bio & Medical Technology Development Program of the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT, & Future Planning (no. 2015M3A9B6027142), by research funding (nos. 2001-347-6111-221, 2002-347-6111-221, 2003-347-6111-221, 2004-E71001-00, 2005-E71001-00, 2006-E71005-00, 2007-E71001-00, 2008-E71001-00, 2009-E71002-00, 2010-E71001-00, 2011-E71004-00, 2012-E71005-00, 2013-E71005-00, 2014-E71003-00, 2015-P71001-00, 2016-E71003-00, 2017-E71001-00, and 2018-E7101-00) from the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and by a Korea University Grant.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 Jeon et al.
PY - 2021
Y1 - 2021
N2 - Purpose: Muscle strength is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, it is controversial whether muscle strength and normalized muscle strength is a risk factor for T2DM. Moreover, the relationship of back muscle strength (BMS) and incident T2DM has not been reported. In this study, we investigated the relationship between HGS, BMS, normalized HGS and BMS, and incident T2DM. Methods: A total of 2699 non-diabetes subjects aged 40–69 years (1313 women and 1386 men) in the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES) Ansan cohort were followed for 16 years. At the baseline and biennial follow-up visits, fasting glucose, postprandial 2-h glucose, clinical examinations, HGS, and BMS were measured by trained interviewers and examiners. HGS and BMS were measured at baseline. The relationships between incident T2DM, HGS, BMS, and normalized HGS and BMS were estimated using Cox proportional hazard regression models after adjusting for the confounding factors. Results: HGS and BMS were not associated with incident T2DM in multivariate analysis. However, the hazard ratio (HR) per one standard deviation (SD) increase in the body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-hip ratio (WHR)-normalized HGS, and BMS was associated with a lower risk for incident T2DM in both women and men after adjusting for the confounding factors (HR = 0.842–0.880-fold for women, p ≤ 0.015; HR = 0.887–0.903-fold for men, p ≤ 0.024). In the sub-analysis of menopause status, the HR per one SD increase in BMI, weight2/3, WC, and WHR-normalized HGS was associated with a lower risk for incident T2DM in both pre-and post-menopausal women after adjusting for the confounding factors (HR = 0.860–0.820-fold for premenopausal, P ≤ 0.006; HR = 0.900–0.867-fold for postmenopausal, p ≤ 0.024). Additionally, we confirmed that the quartile group with higher muscle strength was associated with a lower risk for incident T2DM. Conclusion: The present study suggested that normalized HGS and BMS were associated with a lower risk for the future development of T2DM. Moreover, weak muscle strength in premenopausal women may be the cause of T2DM. Further research is needed to determine whether efforts to improve muscle strength, such as exercise can reduce the risk of T2DM.
AB - Purpose: Muscle strength is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, it is controversial whether muscle strength and normalized muscle strength is a risk factor for T2DM. Moreover, the relationship of back muscle strength (BMS) and incident T2DM has not been reported. In this study, we investigated the relationship between HGS, BMS, normalized HGS and BMS, and incident T2DM. Methods: A total of 2699 non-diabetes subjects aged 40–69 years (1313 women and 1386 men) in the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES) Ansan cohort were followed for 16 years. At the baseline and biennial follow-up visits, fasting glucose, postprandial 2-h glucose, clinical examinations, HGS, and BMS were measured by trained interviewers and examiners. HGS and BMS were measured at baseline. The relationships between incident T2DM, HGS, BMS, and normalized HGS and BMS were estimated using Cox proportional hazard regression models after adjusting for the confounding factors. Results: HGS and BMS were not associated with incident T2DM in multivariate analysis. However, the hazard ratio (HR) per one standard deviation (SD) increase in the body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-hip ratio (WHR)-normalized HGS, and BMS was associated with a lower risk for incident T2DM in both women and men after adjusting for the confounding factors (HR = 0.842–0.880-fold for women, p ≤ 0.015; HR = 0.887–0.903-fold for men, p ≤ 0.024). In the sub-analysis of menopause status, the HR per one SD increase in BMI, weight2/3, WC, and WHR-normalized HGS was associated with a lower risk for incident T2DM in both pre-and post-menopausal women after adjusting for the confounding factors (HR = 0.860–0.820-fold for premenopausal, P ≤ 0.006; HR = 0.900–0.867-fold for postmenopausal, p ≤ 0.024). Additionally, we confirmed that the quartile group with higher muscle strength was associated with a lower risk for incident T2DM. Conclusion: The present study suggested that normalized HGS and BMS were associated with a lower risk for the future development of T2DM. Moreover, weak muscle strength in premenopausal women may be the cause of T2DM. Further research is needed to determine whether efforts to improve muscle strength, such as exercise can reduce the risk of T2DM.
KW - Back strength
KW - Hand grip strength
KW - Incident type 2 diabetes mellitus
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85101807029&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.2147/DMSO.S283853
DO - 10.2147/DMSO.S283853
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85101807029
SN - 1178-7007
VL - 14
SP - 741
EP - 750
JO - Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity
JF - Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity
ER -