TY - JOUR
T1 - Polysaccharides fractionated from enzyme digests of Korean red ginseng water extracts enhance the immunostimulatory activity
AU - Kim, Hoon
AU - Kim, Hyo Won
AU - Yu, Kwang Won
AU - Suh, Hyung Joo
N1 - Funding Information:
This study was supported by grant from both Korean Society of Ginseng and Korean Ginseng Corporation in 2016.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2018 Elsevier B.V.
PY - 2019/1
Y1 - 2019/1
N2 - Polysaccharide with the enhanced immunostimulatory activities including intestinal immune system modulation was fractionated from Korean red ginseng (KRG) and its characteristics were investigated in the present experiment. When the water extracts were digested with α–amylase and amyloglucosidase and precipitated by ethanol to enhance immunostimulatory activity, enzyme digested-crude polysaccharides enhanced the macrophage and intestinal immune system via Peyer's patches compared to non-enzymatic crude polysaccharides. Starch-like polysaccharide also potently decreased in enzyme digested-crude polysaccharides. Especially, crude polysaccharide (RG-CW-EZ-CP) from the digest of cold water extracts showed significantly the most active immunostimulatory activities. By precipitation using ethanol concentrations (distilled water:ethanol = 1:4 and 1:8), two immunostimulatory polysaccharides (RG-CW-EZ-CP-4 and RG-CW-EZ-CP-8) were further fractionated from RG-CW-EZ-CP. In chemical analysis, RG-CW-EZ-CP-4 and RG-CW-EZ-CP-8 seems to be a pectic-like acidic polysaccharide and arabinose-rich polysaccharide, and heat treatment of polysaccharides (RG-CW-EZ-CP-4 and RG-CW-EZ-CP-8) did not significantly affect the intestinal immune system-modulating activity. RG-CW-EZ-CP-8 also significantly upregulated the phosphorylation of three major mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), including c-Jun N-terminal kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and p38. Thus, enzymatic digestion of KRG cold water extracts played a very important role in the isolation of the enhanced immunostimulatory polysaccharides from KRG.
AB - Polysaccharide with the enhanced immunostimulatory activities including intestinal immune system modulation was fractionated from Korean red ginseng (KRG) and its characteristics were investigated in the present experiment. When the water extracts were digested with α–amylase and amyloglucosidase and precipitated by ethanol to enhance immunostimulatory activity, enzyme digested-crude polysaccharides enhanced the macrophage and intestinal immune system via Peyer's patches compared to non-enzymatic crude polysaccharides. Starch-like polysaccharide also potently decreased in enzyme digested-crude polysaccharides. Especially, crude polysaccharide (RG-CW-EZ-CP) from the digest of cold water extracts showed significantly the most active immunostimulatory activities. By precipitation using ethanol concentrations (distilled water:ethanol = 1:4 and 1:8), two immunostimulatory polysaccharides (RG-CW-EZ-CP-4 and RG-CW-EZ-CP-8) were further fractionated from RG-CW-EZ-CP. In chemical analysis, RG-CW-EZ-CP-4 and RG-CW-EZ-CP-8 seems to be a pectic-like acidic polysaccharide and arabinose-rich polysaccharide, and heat treatment of polysaccharides (RG-CW-EZ-CP-4 and RG-CW-EZ-CP-8) did not significantly affect the intestinal immune system-modulating activity. RG-CW-EZ-CP-8 also significantly upregulated the phosphorylation of three major mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), including c-Jun N-terminal kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and p38. Thus, enzymatic digestion of KRG cold water extracts played a very important role in the isolation of the enhanced immunostimulatory polysaccharides from KRG.
KW - Intestinal immune system modulation
KW - Korean red ginseng
KW - Polysaccharide
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85055108065&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.10.127
DO - 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.10.127
M3 - Article
C2 - 30340011
AN - SCOPUS:85055108065
SN - 0141-8130
VL - 121
SP - 913
EP - 920
JO - International Journal of Biological Macromolecules
JF - International Journal of Biological Macromolecules
ER -