Abstract
In this paper, we review recent advances in reverse engineering with an emphasis on FPGA devices and experimentally verified advantages and limitations of reverse engineering tools. The paper first introduces essential components for programming Xilinx FPGAs (Xilinx, San Jose, CA, USA), such as Xilinx Design Language (XDL), XDL Report (XDLRC), and bitstream. Then, reverse engineering tools (Debit, BIL, and Bit2ncd), which extract the bitstream from the external memory to the FPGA and utilize it to recover the netlist, are reviewed, and their limitations are discussed. This paper also covers supplementary tools (Rapidsmith) that can adjust the FPGA design flow to support reverse engineering. Finally, reverse engineering projects for non-Xilinx products, such as Lattice FPGAs (Icestorm) and Altera FPGAs (QUIP), are introduced to compare the reverse engineering capabilities by various commercial FPGA products.
Original language | English |
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Article number | 246 |
Journal | Electronics (Switzerland) |
Volume | 7 |
Issue number | 10 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published - 2018 Oct 22 |
Bibliographical note
Publisher Copyright:© 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
Keywords
- Bitstream
- FPGA
- Hardware security
- Netlists
- Reverse engineering
- Xilinx
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Control and Systems Engineering
- Signal Processing
- Hardware and Architecture
- Computer Networks and Communications
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering