Recent advances in the electrochemical CO reduction reaction towards highly selective formation of C_x products (X = 1–3)

The electrochemical conversion of carbon monoxide (CO) to high-value chemicals has been extensively explored as a promising strategy for carbon utilization. Robust electrocatalysts with high activity and selectivity are critically important for the industrial application of CO reduction reaction (CORR). Here, we review a broad spectrum of progress toward high-rate CO conversion to C₁–C₃ products, including mechanistic insights, catalyst development, and device designs that can improve performance even further. Detailed discussions provide a rational understanding of how the key parameters, including catalyst surface facets, nanostructures, electrolyte effects, and electrochemical conditions, enhance the catalytic performance. Finally, we discuss the current challenges and possible future directions for advanced catalysts, analysis, and systems toward efficient CO reduction.