TY - JOUR
T1 - Recent developments of the mainstream anammox processes
T2 - Challenges and opportunities
AU - Trinh, Hoang Phuc
AU - Lee, Sang Hoon
AU - Jeong, Garam
AU - Yoon, Hyeokjun
AU - Park, Hee Deung
N1 - Funding Information:
This work was supported by a grant from the National Institute of Biological Resources (NIBR), funded by the Ministry of Environment (MOE) of South Korea ( NIBR202019102 ) and the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) (NRF- 2020R1A6A1A03045059 ).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 Elsevier Ltd.
PY - 2021/8
Y1 - 2021/8
N2 - Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) processes are gaining attention owing to their advantages over the conventional biological nitrogen removal processes. Although technologies related to sidestream anammox processes are being adopted as the latest advanced solutions, the application of these processes to mainstream wastewater is still under investigation. Here, we have comprehensively reviewed the challenges and opportunities of mainstream anammox processes. Mainstream processes face a variety of challenges that limit their stable operation such as the difficulty of out-selection of nitrite-oxidizing bacteria, high organic carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio, retention of anammox bacteria, and the influence of high concentrations of ammonia and nitrite compounds. For widespread applications of mainstream anammox processes in full-scale reactors in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), efficient strategies are necessary to manage high carbon to nitrogen ratios, improve performance in low-intensity wastewater, and retain anammox bacteria. Key elements in the design, operation, and maintenance of mainstream anammox processes in full-scale WWTPs are also suggested. Overall, this review provides a critical perspective on the challenges and opportunities associated with mainstream anammox processes, which will be of use to researchers and engineers in future.
AB - Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) processes are gaining attention owing to their advantages over the conventional biological nitrogen removal processes. Although technologies related to sidestream anammox processes are being adopted as the latest advanced solutions, the application of these processes to mainstream wastewater is still under investigation. Here, we have comprehensively reviewed the challenges and opportunities of mainstream anammox processes. Mainstream processes face a variety of challenges that limit their stable operation such as the difficulty of out-selection of nitrite-oxidizing bacteria, high organic carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio, retention of anammox bacteria, and the influence of high concentrations of ammonia and nitrite compounds. For widespread applications of mainstream anammox processes in full-scale reactors in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), efficient strategies are necessary to manage high carbon to nitrogen ratios, improve performance in low-intensity wastewater, and retain anammox bacteria. Key elements in the design, operation, and maintenance of mainstream anammox processes in full-scale WWTPs are also suggested. Overall, this review provides a critical perspective on the challenges and opportunities associated with mainstream anammox processes, which will be of use to researchers and engineers in future.
KW - Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox)
KW - Autotrophic nitrogen removal
KW - Deammonification
KW - Mainstream applications
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85105702147&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.jece.2021.105583
DO - 10.1016/j.jece.2021.105583
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85105702147
SN - 2213-3437
VL - 9
JO - Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering
JF - Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering
IS - 4
M1 - 105583
ER -