TY - JOUR
T1 - Romaine lettuce/skullcap mixture improves sleep behavior in vertebrate models
AU - Hong, Ki Bae
AU - Han, Sung Hee
AU - Park, Yooheon
AU - Suh, Hyung Joo
AU - Choi, Hyeon Son
N1 - Funding Information:
Acknowledgments This research was supported by the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (MOTIE) and the Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology (KIAT) through the Encouragement Program for the Industries of Economic Cooperation Region.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2018 The Pharmaceutical Society of Japan.
PY - 2018
Y1 - 2018
N2 - The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of romaine lettuce leaves extract (RE), skullcap root extract (SE) and their mixture on sleep behaviors in vertebrate models. HPLC analysis showed that RE contains lactucopicrin (0.02±0.01mg/g extract), chlorogenic acid (4.05±0.03mg/g extract), caffeic acid (2.38±0.03mg/g extract), and chicoric acid (7.02±0.32mg/g extract) as main phenolic compounds, while SE includes baicalin (99.4±0.5mg/g extract), baicalein (8.28±0.21mg/g extract), and wogonin (3.09±0.32mg/g extract). The mixture of RE (100mg/g extract) and SE (40mg/g extract) increased total sleep time by 50.9% compared with the control in pentobarbital-induced sleep model. In electroencephalography (EEG) analysis, RE/SE mixture significantly increased Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM), in which delta wave was enhanced by around 40% compared with normal control, leading to the increase of sleep time. In caffeine-induced wake model, RE/SE mixture greatly decreased (53%) caffeine-induced wake time, showing a similar level to normal control. In addition, caffeine-induced decreased of NREM and delta wave effectively increased with RE/SE mixture; NREM and delta wave increased by 85% and 108%, respectively. Furthermore, RE/SE mixture was shown to bind to a gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA)-benzodiazepine (BZD) receptor stronger than RE or SE single extract. Taken together, RE/SE mixture effectively improved sleep behavior with the increase of NREM via GABAA-BZD receptor binding. RE/SE mixture can be used as an herbal agent for sleep disorders.
AB - The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of romaine lettuce leaves extract (RE), skullcap root extract (SE) and their mixture on sleep behaviors in vertebrate models. HPLC analysis showed that RE contains lactucopicrin (0.02±0.01mg/g extract), chlorogenic acid (4.05±0.03mg/g extract), caffeic acid (2.38±0.03mg/g extract), and chicoric acid (7.02±0.32mg/g extract) as main phenolic compounds, while SE includes baicalin (99.4±0.5mg/g extract), baicalein (8.28±0.21mg/g extract), and wogonin (3.09±0.32mg/g extract). The mixture of RE (100mg/g extract) and SE (40mg/g extract) increased total sleep time by 50.9% compared with the control in pentobarbital-induced sleep model. In electroencephalography (EEG) analysis, RE/SE mixture significantly increased Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM), in which delta wave was enhanced by around 40% compared with normal control, leading to the increase of sleep time. In caffeine-induced wake model, RE/SE mixture greatly decreased (53%) caffeine-induced wake time, showing a similar level to normal control. In addition, caffeine-induced decreased of NREM and delta wave effectively increased with RE/SE mixture; NREM and delta wave increased by 85% and 108%, respectively. Furthermore, RE/SE mixture was shown to bind to a gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA)-benzodiazepine (BZD) receptor stronger than RE or SE single extract. Taken together, RE/SE mixture effectively improved sleep behavior with the increase of NREM via GABAA-BZD receptor binding. RE/SE mixture can be used as an herbal agent for sleep disorders.
KW - Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor
KW - Non-rapid eye movement
KW - Rodent model
KW - Romaine lettuce
KW - Skullcap
KW - Sleep behavior
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85052368283&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1248/bpb.b18-00267
DO - 10.1248/bpb.b18-00267
M3 - Article
C2 - 30068876
AN - SCOPUS:85052368283
SN - 0918-6158
VL - 41
SP - 1269
EP - 1276
JO - Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin
JF - Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin
IS - 8
ER -