Social Isolation, Loneliness, and Quality of Life Among Food-Insecure Adults

Introduction: Food insecurity is associated with adverse health outcomes, but may also have a detrimental effect on social relationships, potentially exacerbating social isolation and loneliness, and consequently affecting health-related quality of life. This study examined the associations of food insecurity with social isolation, loneliness, and health-related quality of life among U.S. adults. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted using panel data from the 2020–2021 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. Regression models were used to assess the associations of food insecurity in 1 year with the outcomes of interest in the subsequent year while adjusting for baseline individual-level characteristics. Analysis was conducted in December 2023. Results: Experiencing food insecurity in 2020 was significantly associated with increased reports of social isolation (3.1 percentage points [95% CI: 1.2–5.1]) and loneliness (9.7 percentage points [95% CI: 1.0–18.3]) in 2021. Additionally, food insecurity in 2020 was significantly associated with lower self-reported good mental health (−2.9 percentage points [95% CI: −5.1, −0.6]) and mental component summary score from the Short Form-12 Health Survey (−3.3 points [95% CI −3.8, −2.9]) in 2021. However, there were no or small associations with physical health-related quality of life. Conclusions: Food insecurity is associated with worse social and mental well-being among U.S. adults. This suggests that food insecurity interventions should not focus too narrowly on nutrition, but instead give holistic consideration to the multiple ways food insecurity harms health—not only via lower quality diets, but through worse mental health and impairing the ability to participate in social life.