Stimuli-responsive smart nanomaterials for theranostics of urological cancers

Urological cancers, including prostate, bladder, and kidney cancers, contribute significantly to the global burden of cancer-related mortality. While numerous reviews have addressed these cancers individually, this is the first comprehensive review that exclusively focuses specifically on nanotheranostics as a transformative approach for urological cancer. The distinct tumor microenvironments (TMEs) associated with these cancers pose both challenges and opportunities for precise nanotherapeutic interventions. This review provides a thorough examination of current advancements in nanotechnology-based diagnostics and therapeutics tailored to urological cancers. For each primary urological cancer type, we outline key strategies for leveraging nanotheranostics in the detection and treatment of tumors. Furthermore, we address the persisting challenges in enhancing tumor specificity and treatment efficacy. In essence, nanotheranostics offer a promising therapeutic avenue for urological cancers by enabling targeted drug delivery and controlled release of therapeutics within the tumor microenvironment. The objective of this pioneering review is to underscore recent developments and future prospects in utilizing nanotechnology to meet the unmet needs in the diagnosis and treatment of urological cancers.