Techno-economic analysis of hydrogen integrated microgrid and hydrogen refueling systems application: A sustainable energy solution

The transition to a low-carbon economy has highlighted hydrogen as a critical energy carrier, particularly in Hydrogen-Integrated Microgrid (H₂-MG) and Hydrogen Refueling Station (HRS) applications. This review provides a techno-economic analysis of H₂-MGs and HRSs, assessing their technological advancements, economic feasibility, and environmental and social implications. While hydrogen offers a promising alternative to fossil fuels, high Capital Expenditure (CAPEX), infrastructure limitations, and energy storage challenges remain significant barriers. The paper examines the integration of hydrogen production, storage, and refueling infrastructure with Renewable Energy Sources (RES), addressing key components such as electrolyzers, compressors, and hydrogen storage vessels. Additionally, the socio-economic and environmental evaluation of HRS networks is discussed, highlighting the benefits of hydrogen in reducing Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions and supporting sustainable mobility. Public acceptance, infrastructure investment, and economic viability are identified as critical factors influencing hydrogen deployment. The study further explores hydrogen's role in grid stabilization, black-start capabilities, and energy storage, demonstrating its potential for enhancing grid resilience. Future research should focus on cost reduction strategies, infrastructure expansion, policy incentives, and technological advancements to improve efficiency and accelerate hydrogen adoption. This paper provides a holistic perspective on the challenges and opportunities associated with hydrogen-based energy systems, contributing to the broader discussion on sustainable energy solutions.