TY - JOUR
T1 - Temperature and aging affect glyphosate toxicity and fatty acid composition in allonychiurus kimi (Lee) (collembola)
AU - Wee, June
AU - Lee, Yun Sik
AU - Kim, Yongeun
AU - Son, Jino
AU - Cho, Kijong
N1 - Funding Information:
Funding: This subject is supported by Korea Ministry of Environment (MOE) as “The Chemical Accident Prevention Technology Development Project.”(2016001970003).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
PY - 2021
Y1 - 2021
N2 - Glyphosate is the most used herbicide worldwide, but enormous use of glyphosate has raised concerned about its environmental loadings. Although glyphosate is considered non-toxic, toxicity data for soil non-target organisms according to temperature and aging are scarce. This study examined the toxicity of glyphosate with the temperature (20 °C and 25 °C) and aging times (0 day and 7 days) in soil using a collembolan species, Allonychiurus kimi (Lee). The degradation of glyphosate was investigated. Fatty acid composition of A. kimi was also investigated. The half-life of glyphosate was 2.38 days at 20 °C and 1.69 days at 25 °C. At 20 °C with 0 day of aging, the EC50 was estimated to be 93.5 mg kg−1. However, as the temperature and aging time increased, the glyphosate degradation increased, so no significant toxicity was observed on juvenile production. The proportions of the arachidonic acid and stearic acid decreased and increased with the glyphosate treatment, respectively, even at 37.1 mg kg−1, at which no significant effects on juvenile production were observed. Our results showed that the changes in the glyphosate toxicity with temperature and aging time were mostly dependent on the soil residual concentration. Furthermore, the changes in the fatty acid compositions suggest that glyphosate could have a chronic effect on soil organisms.
AB - Glyphosate is the most used herbicide worldwide, but enormous use of glyphosate has raised concerned about its environmental loadings. Although glyphosate is considered non-toxic, toxicity data for soil non-target organisms according to temperature and aging are scarce. This study examined the toxicity of glyphosate with the temperature (20 °C and 25 °C) and aging times (0 day and 7 days) in soil using a collembolan species, Allonychiurus kimi (Lee). The degradation of glyphosate was investigated. Fatty acid composition of A. kimi was also investigated. The half-life of glyphosate was 2.38 days at 20 °C and 1.69 days at 25 °C. At 20 °C with 0 day of aging, the EC50 was estimated to be 93.5 mg kg−1. However, as the temperature and aging time increased, the glyphosate degradation increased, so no significant toxicity was observed on juvenile production. The proportions of the arachidonic acid and stearic acid decreased and increased with the glyphosate treatment, respectively, even at 37.1 mg kg−1, at which no significant effects on juvenile production were observed. Our results showed that the changes in the glyphosate toxicity with temperature and aging time were mostly dependent on the soil residual concentration. Furthermore, the changes in the fatty acid compositions suggest that glyphosate could have a chronic effect on soil organisms.
KW - Arachidonic acid
KW - Degradation
KW - Herbicide
KW - Microorganism
KW - Risk assessment
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85107990936&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3390/toxics9060126
DO - 10.3390/toxics9060126
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85107990936
SN - 2305-6304
VL - 9
JO - Toxics
JF - Toxics
IS - 6
M1 - 126
ER -