Abstract
We propose two temporal feature modulation algorithms that extract a feature from each video frame and modulate the features for a series of frames to embed a watermark codeword. In the first algorithm, the existence of a frame is used as the frame feature, and a watermark codeword is embedded into the original video by skipping selected frames. In the second algorithm, the centers of gravity of blocks in a frame are used as the frame feature. By modifying the centers of gravity, we embed 1-bit information into the frame. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithms are robust against compression and temporal attacks.
Original language | English |
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Article number | 4797835 |
Pages (from-to) | 603-608 |
Number of pages | 6 |
Journal | IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology |
Volume | 19 |
Issue number | 4 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published - 2009 Apr |
Bibliographical note
Funding Information:Manuscript received March 15, 2007; revised May 11, 2008. First version published March 4, 2009; current version published May 20, 2009. The work of Y.-Y. Lee, S.-U. Park, and S.-U. Lee was supported by the Ministry of Knowledge Economy (MKE), Korea, under the ITRC support program supervised by the IITA (grant number IITA-2008-C1090-0801-0018). The work of C.-S. Kim was supported by the MKE, Korea, under the ITRC support program supervised by the IITA (grant number IITA-2008-C1090-0801-0017). This paper was recommended by Associate Editor Q. Sun.
Keywords
- Frame skipping
- Image fingerprinting
- Temporal feature modulation
- Video watermarking
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Media Technology
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering