The transfer characteristics of heavy metals in electronic cigarette liquid

Chae Jin Na; Sang Hee Jo; Ki Hyun Kim; Jong Ryeul Sohn; Youn Suk Son

doi:10.1016/j.envres.2019.04.025

The transfer characteristics of heavy metals in electronic cigarette liquid

Chae Jin Na, Sang Hee Jo, Ki Hyun Kim, Jong Ryeul Sohn, Youn Suk Son

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

21 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

In this research, the concentrations of six heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Ni, Fe, Cd, and Cr)in electronic cigarette (EC)solutions were determined to assess their association with EC use patterns. To this end, their contents were analyzed under three conditions: (1)ECL I: EC liquid was directly taken from EC liquid bottles as purchased from retail, (2)ECL II: EC liquid simply stored in the EC clearomizer for a certain period was collected without any puffing, and (3)ECL III: EC liquid remaining in the EC clearomizer after puffing. Each of all three types of electronic cigarette liquid (ECL)samples selected in this study was analyzed after being stored for up to seven days (at elapsed intervals of 1, 3, and 7 days). Zn and Pb were detected in all types of samples while Cd was all below method detection limit (MDL). Fe, Ni, and Cr were generally below MDL in ECL I, while it was not the case for ECL II and III samples. Especially, Zn, Pb, and Ni levels increased significantly with the use of EC. If the consumption of EC causes alterations in elemental content, such changes can be assessed in terms of ratio values such as “after/before use”. The maximum ratio values for each target, when assessed using ECL III samples, were seen in the following order: 463 (Zn)> 315 (Ni)> 131 (Fe)> 47.9 (Cr)> 36.0 (Pb). As such, EC use is clearly demonstrated as the transfer route of heavy metals.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	152-159
Number of pages	8
Journal	Environmental Research
Volume	174
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2019.04.025
Publication status	Published - 2019 Jul

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
This research was supported by a grant (14182MFDS977)from the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety in 2018. This research was also partially supported by the R&D Center for Green Patrol Technologies through R&D for Global Top Environmental Technologies funded by the Ministry of Environment (MOE), Republic of Korea. J Shon also acknowledges support made by the Korea Ministry of Environment (MOE)(2015001950001)as part of “The Chemical Accident Prevention Technology Development Project”. Y Son acknowledges support made by a Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)funded by the Ministry of Education (NRF-2018R1D1A3B07040617).

Funding Information:
This research was supported by a grant ( 14182MFDS977 ) from the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety in 2018. This research was also partially supported by the R&D Center for Green Patrol Technologies through R&D for Global Top Environmental Technologies funded by the Ministry of Environment (MOE), Republic of Korea. J Shon also acknowledges support made by the Korea Ministry of Environment (MOE) ( 2015001950001 ) as part of “The Chemical Accident Prevention Technology Development Project”. Y Son acknowledges support made by a Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education ( NRF-2018R1D1A3B07040617 ).

Publisher Copyright:
© 2019 Elsevier Inc.

Keywords

Coil
E-liquid
Electronic cigarette
Heavy metal
Transfer

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Biochemistry
General Environmental Science

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10.1016/j.envres.2019.04.025

Cite this

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title = "The transfer characteristics of heavy metals in electronic cigarette liquid",

abstract = "In this research, the concentrations of six heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Ni, Fe, Cd, and Cr)in electronic cigarette (EC)solutions were determined to assess their association with EC use patterns. To this end, their contents were analyzed under three conditions: (1)ECL I: EC liquid was directly taken from EC liquid bottles as purchased from retail, (2)ECL II: EC liquid simply stored in the EC clearomizer for a certain period was collected without any puffing, and (3)ECL III: EC liquid remaining in the EC clearomizer after puffing. Each of all three types of electronic cigarette liquid (ECL)samples selected in this study was analyzed after being stored for up to seven days (at elapsed intervals of 1, 3, and 7 days). Zn and Pb were detected in all types of samples while Cd was all below method detection limit (MDL). Fe, Ni, and Cr were generally below MDL in ECL I, while it was not the case for ECL II and III samples. Especially, Zn, Pb, and Ni levels increased significantly with the use of EC. If the consumption of EC causes alterations in elemental content, such changes can be assessed in terms of ratio values such as “after/before use”. The maximum ratio values for each target, when assessed using ECL III samples, were seen in the following order: 463 (Zn)> 315 (Ni)> 131 (Fe)> 47.9 (Cr)> 36.0 (Pb). As such, EC use is clearly demonstrated as the transfer route of heavy metals.",

keywords = "Coil, E-liquid, Electronic cigarette, Heavy metal, Transfer",

author = "Na, {Chae Jin} and Jo, {Sang Hee} and Kim, {Ki Hyun} and Sohn, {Jong Ryeul} and Son, {Youn Suk}",

note = "Funding Information: This research was supported by a grant (14182MFDS977)from the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety in 2018. This research was also partially supported by the R&D Center for Green Patrol Technologies through R&D for Global Top Environmental Technologies funded by the Ministry of Environment (MOE), Republic of Korea. J Shon also acknowledges support made by the Korea Ministry of Environment (MOE)(2015001950001)as part of “The Chemical Accident Prevention Technology Development Project”. Y Son acknowledges support made by a Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)funded by the Ministry of Education (NRF-2018R1D1A3B07040617). Funding Information: This research was supported by a grant ( 14182MFDS977 ) from the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety in 2018. This research was also partially supported by the R&D Center for Green Patrol Technologies through R&D for Global Top Environmental Technologies funded by the Ministry of Environment (MOE), Republic of Korea. J Shon also acknowledges support made by the Korea Ministry of Environment (MOE) ( 2015001950001 ) as part of “The Chemical Accident Prevention Technology Development Project”. Y Son acknowledges support made by a Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education ( NRF-2018R1D1A3B07040617 ). Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2019 Elsevier Inc.",

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doi = "10.1016/j.envres.2019.04.025",

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volume = "174",

pages = "152--159",

journal = "Environmental Research",

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AU - Na, Chae Jin

AU - Jo, Sang Hee

AU - Kim, Ki Hyun

AU - Sohn, Jong Ryeul

AU - Son, Youn Suk

N1 - Funding Information: This research was supported by a grant (14182MFDS977)from the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety in 2018. This research was also partially supported by the R&D Center for Green Patrol Technologies through R&D for Global Top Environmental Technologies funded by the Ministry of Environment (MOE), Republic of Korea. J Shon also acknowledges support made by the Korea Ministry of Environment (MOE)(2015001950001)as part of “The Chemical Accident Prevention Technology Development Project”. Y Son acknowledges support made by a Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)funded by the Ministry of Education (NRF-2018R1D1A3B07040617). Funding Information: This research was supported by a grant ( 14182MFDS977 ) from the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety in 2018. This research was also partially supported by the R&D Center for Green Patrol Technologies through R&D for Global Top Environmental Technologies funded by the Ministry of Environment (MOE), Republic of Korea. J Shon also acknowledges support made by the Korea Ministry of Environment (MOE) ( 2015001950001 ) as part of “The Chemical Accident Prevention Technology Development Project”. Y Son acknowledges support made by a Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education ( NRF-2018R1D1A3B07040617 ). Publisher Copyright: © 2019 Elsevier Inc.

PY - 2019/7

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N2 - In this research, the concentrations of six heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Ni, Fe, Cd, and Cr)in electronic cigarette (EC)solutions were determined to assess their association with EC use patterns. To this end, their contents were analyzed under three conditions: (1)ECL I: EC liquid was directly taken from EC liquid bottles as purchased from retail, (2)ECL II: EC liquid simply stored in the EC clearomizer for a certain period was collected without any puffing, and (3)ECL III: EC liquid remaining in the EC clearomizer after puffing. Each of all three types of electronic cigarette liquid (ECL)samples selected in this study was analyzed after being stored for up to seven days (at elapsed intervals of 1, 3, and 7 days). Zn and Pb were detected in all types of samples while Cd was all below method detection limit (MDL). Fe, Ni, and Cr were generally below MDL in ECL I, while it was not the case for ECL II and III samples. Especially, Zn, Pb, and Ni levels increased significantly with the use of EC. If the consumption of EC causes alterations in elemental content, such changes can be assessed in terms of ratio values such as “after/before use”. The maximum ratio values for each target, when assessed using ECL III samples, were seen in the following order: 463 (Zn)> 315 (Ni)> 131 (Fe)> 47.9 (Cr)> 36.0 (Pb). As such, EC use is clearly demonstrated as the transfer route of heavy metals.

AB - In this research, the concentrations of six heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Ni, Fe, Cd, and Cr)in electronic cigarette (EC)solutions were determined to assess their association with EC use patterns. To this end, their contents were analyzed under three conditions: (1)ECL I: EC liquid was directly taken from EC liquid bottles as purchased from retail, (2)ECL II: EC liquid simply stored in the EC clearomizer for a certain period was collected without any puffing, and (3)ECL III: EC liquid remaining in the EC clearomizer after puffing. Each of all three types of electronic cigarette liquid (ECL)samples selected in this study was analyzed after being stored for up to seven days (at elapsed intervals of 1, 3, and 7 days). Zn and Pb were detected in all types of samples while Cd was all below method detection limit (MDL). Fe, Ni, and Cr were generally below MDL in ECL I, while it was not the case for ECL II and III samples. Especially, Zn, Pb, and Ni levels increased significantly with the use of EC. If the consumption of EC causes alterations in elemental content, such changes can be assessed in terms of ratio values such as “after/before use”. The maximum ratio values for each target, when assessed using ECL III samples, were seen in the following order: 463 (Zn)> 315 (Ni)> 131 (Fe)> 47.9 (Cr)> 36.0 (Pb). As such, EC use is clearly demonstrated as the transfer route of heavy metals.

KW - Coil

KW - E-liquid

KW - Electronic cigarette

KW - Heavy metal

KW - Transfer

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The transfer characteristics of heavy metals in electronic cigarette liquid

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Keywords

ASJC Scopus subject areas

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