Two-dimensional materials and metal-organic frameworks for the CO₂ reduction reaction

The use of noble-free materials to convert atmospheric CO₂ into energy-rich fuels has gained a significant amount of attention in an effort toward decreasing global warming due to high concentrations of CO₂. Metallic catalysts, two-dimensional materials (such as graphene and graphene based), metal oxides, and metal-organic frameworks have been used as catalysts in the CO₂ reduction reaction and recently recognized as promising platforms due to their excellent electrical and thermal conductivity, outstanding mechanical properties, and good chemical stability. This review summarizes the progress made related to the electrochemical and photoelectrochemical CO₂ reduction reaction over the past few decades. In addition, the fundamentals and principles that govern both electrocatalytic and photocatalytic CO₂ reduction are discussed. Then, a detailed discussion of the different electrocatalysts, photocatalysts, and strategies used to improve the performance is provided.