Variations in Seawater pCO2 Associated With Vertical Mixing During Tropical Cyclone Season in the Northwestern Subtropical Pacific Ocean

Young Ho Ko; Geun Ha Park; Dongseon Kim; Tae Wook Kim

doi:10.3389/fmars.2021.679314

Variations in Seawater pCO₂ Associated With Vertical Mixing During Tropical Cyclone Season in the Northwestern Subtropical Pacific Ocean

Young Ho Ko, Geun Ha Park, Dongseon Kim, Tae Wook Kim

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

8 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

This study examines interannual variations in the seawater CO₂ partial pressure (pCO₂) for months (August–October) with frequent tropical cyclone (TC) events in the northwestern subtropical Pacific Ocean (22°N–28°N, 135°E–145°E) between 2007 and 2017. The temperature-normalized pCO₂ averaged over August–October showed a year-to-year variation ranging from 346 to 359 μatm over the 11 study years, which appeared to be related to the variation in vertical mixing that likely results from the TC activity in these months. Sea surface temperature and wind data consistently supported the association between mixing and TC intensity. Nonetheless, the pCO₂ reduction caused by negative sea-surface temperature anomalies found over the TC season (July–October) shifted the study area from a CO₂ source to a CO₂ sink over these months. In the south (17°N–22°N) of the study area, mixing-driven variations in pCO₂ were smaller during the same months, which appeared to be caused by the relatively deeper mixed layer depth and the more homogenous profile of CO₂ in this tropical region. These results suggest that more extensive pCO₂ measurements are required to fully resolve the effect of TCs on the carbonate system from the regional- to the basin-scale in the western Pacific Ocean, where TC intensity is expected to increase in the future.

Original language	English
Article number	679314
Journal	Frontiers in Marine Science
Volume	8
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.679314
Publication status	Published - 2021 Jul 6

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
This work was supported by the Basic Science Research Program of the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2019R1A2C2089994), a project (PE99912) of the Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, a Korea University Grant, and a project (study on air–sea interaction and process of rapidly intensifying typhoons in the Northwestern Pacific) funded by the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries, South Korea.

Funding Information:
The SOCAT is an international effort, endorsed by the International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project (IOCCP), the Surface Ocean Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS), and the Integrated Marine Biosphere Research (IMBeR) program, to deliver a uniformly quality-controlled surface ocean CO2 database. The authors appreciate all researchers and funding agencies, especially Yukihiro Nojiri who provided almost all p CO2 data used in this study. This work was not possible without his valuable contribution to the collection of a high-quality p CO2 data in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. Funding. This work was supported by the Basic Science Research Program of the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2019R1A2C2089994), a project (PE99912) of the Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, a Korea University Grant, and a project (study on air?sea interaction and process of rapidly intensifying typhoons in the Northwestern Pacific) funded by the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries, South Korea.

Publisher Copyright:
© Copyright © 2021 Ko, Park, Kim and Kim.

Keywords

sea surface temperature
seawater CO partial pressure
subtropical Pacific Ocean
tropical cyclone
vertical mixing

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Oceanography
Global and Planetary Change
Aquatic Science
Water Science and Technology
Environmental Science (miscellaneous)
Ocean Engineering

Access to Document

10.3389/fmars.2021.679314

Cite this

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title = "Variations in Seawater pCO2 Associated With Vertical Mixing During Tropical Cyclone Season in the Northwestern Subtropical Pacific Ocean",

abstract = "This study examines interannual variations in the seawater CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) for months (August–October) with frequent tropical cyclone (TC) events in the northwestern subtropical Pacific Ocean (22°N–28°N, 135°E–145°E) between 2007 and 2017. The temperature-normalized pCO2 averaged over August–October showed a year-to-year variation ranging from 346 to 359 μatm over the 11 study years, which appeared to be related to the variation in vertical mixing that likely results from the TC activity in these months. Sea surface temperature and wind data consistently supported the association between mixing and TC intensity. Nonetheless, the pCO2 reduction caused by negative sea-surface temperature anomalies found over the TC season (July–October) shifted the study area from a CO2 source to a CO2 sink over these months. In the south (17°N–22°N) of the study area, mixing-driven variations in pCO2 were smaller during the same months, which appeared to be caused by the relatively deeper mixed layer depth and the more homogenous profile of CO2 in this tropical region. These results suggest that more extensive pCO2 measurements are required to fully resolve the effect of TCs on the carbonate system from the regional- to the basin-scale in the western Pacific Ocean, where TC intensity is expected to increase in the future.",

keywords = "sea surface temperature, seawater CO partial pressure, subtropical Pacific Ocean, tropical cyclone, vertical mixing",

author = "Ko, {Young Ho} and Park, {Geun Ha} and Dongseon Kim and Kim, {Tae Wook}",

note = "Funding Information: This work was supported by the Basic Science Research Program of the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2019R1A2C2089994), a project (PE99912) of the Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, a Korea University Grant, and a project (study on air–sea interaction and process of rapidly intensifying typhoons in the Northwestern Pacific) funded by the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries, South Korea. Funding Information: The SOCAT is an international effort, endorsed by the International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project (IOCCP), the Surface Ocean Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS), and the Integrated Marine Biosphere Research (IMBeR) program, to deliver a uniformly quality-controlled surface ocean CO2 database. The authors appreciate all researchers and funding agencies, especially Yukihiro Nojiri who provided almost all p CO2 data used in this study. This work was not possible without his valuable contribution to the collection of a high-quality p CO2 data in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. Funding. This work was supported by the Basic Science Research Program of the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2019R1A2C2089994), a project (PE99912) of the Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, a Korea University Grant, and a project (study on air?sea interaction and process of rapidly intensifying typhoons in the Northwestern Pacific) funded by the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries, South Korea. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} Copyright {\textcopyright} 2021 Ko, Park, Kim and Kim.",

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N1 - Funding Information: This work was supported by the Basic Science Research Program of the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2019R1A2C2089994), a project (PE99912) of the Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, a Korea University Grant, and a project (study on air–sea interaction and process of rapidly intensifying typhoons in the Northwestern Pacific) funded by the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries, South Korea. Funding Information: The SOCAT is an international effort, endorsed by the International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project (IOCCP), the Surface Ocean Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS), and the Integrated Marine Biosphere Research (IMBeR) program, to deliver a uniformly quality-controlled surface ocean CO2 database. The authors appreciate all researchers and funding agencies, especially Yukihiro Nojiri who provided almost all p CO2 data used in this study. This work was not possible without his valuable contribution to the collection of a high-quality p CO2 data in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. Funding. This work was supported by the Basic Science Research Program of the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2019R1A2C2089994), a project (PE99912) of the Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, a Korea University Grant, and a project (study on air?sea interaction and process of rapidly intensifying typhoons in the Northwestern Pacific) funded by the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries, South Korea. Publisher Copyright: © Copyright © 2021 Ko, Park, Kim and Kim.

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N2 - This study examines interannual variations in the seawater CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) for months (August–October) with frequent tropical cyclone (TC) events in the northwestern subtropical Pacific Ocean (22°N–28°N, 135°E–145°E) between 2007 and 2017. The temperature-normalized pCO2 averaged over August–October showed a year-to-year variation ranging from 346 to 359 μatm over the 11 study years, which appeared to be related to the variation in vertical mixing that likely results from the TC activity in these months. Sea surface temperature and wind data consistently supported the association between mixing and TC intensity. Nonetheless, the pCO2 reduction caused by negative sea-surface temperature anomalies found over the TC season (July–October) shifted the study area from a CO2 source to a CO2 sink over these months. In the south (17°N–22°N) of the study area, mixing-driven variations in pCO2 were smaller during the same months, which appeared to be caused by the relatively deeper mixed layer depth and the more homogenous profile of CO2 in this tropical region. These results suggest that more extensive pCO2 measurements are required to fully resolve the effect of TCs on the carbonate system from the regional- to the basin-scale in the western Pacific Ocean, where TC intensity is expected to increase in the future.

AB - This study examines interannual variations in the seawater CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) for months (August–October) with frequent tropical cyclone (TC) events in the northwestern subtropical Pacific Ocean (22°N–28°N, 135°E–145°E) between 2007 and 2017. The temperature-normalized pCO2 averaged over August–October showed a year-to-year variation ranging from 346 to 359 μatm over the 11 study years, which appeared to be related to the variation in vertical mixing that likely results from the TC activity in these months. Sea surface temperature and wind data consistently supported the association between mixing and TC intensity. Nonetheless, the pCO2 reduction caused by negative sea-surface temperature anomalies found over the TC season (July–October) shifted the study area from a CO2 source to a CO2 sink over these months. In the south (17°N–22°N) of the study area, mixing-driven variations in pCO2 were smaller during the same months, which appeared to be caused by the relatively deeper mixed layer depth and the more homogenous profile of CO2 in this tropical region. These results suggest that more extensive pCO2 measurements are required to fully resolve the effect of TCs on the carbonate system from the regional- to the basin-scale in the western Pacific Ocean, where TC intensity is expected to increase in the future.

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